Lecture 7 - Part II Flashcards
What are the physical activity recommendations for 5-11yrs?
Minimum 60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day
Parents should set a good example, encourage physical activity and limit media and computer use
Minimum 3 days/wk
- vigorous-intensity activities
- muscle and bone strengthening activities
What are the sedentary behaviour guidelines for ages 5-11 and 12-17?
5-11 and 12-17 should minimize the time they spend being sedentary each day
-does not include academic screen time
How should children and youth avoid sedentary time?
Limited recreational screen time to no more than 2hrs/day
-lower levels are associated with additional health benefits
Limit sedentary motorized transport, extended sitting and time spent indoors throughout the day
What are the determinants of physical activity?
Girls are less active than boys
Physical activity decreases with age
Season and climate impact level of physical activity
Physical education classes are decreasing
Why are organized sports good?
Participation linked to lower incidence of overweight
Variety produces the best well rounded child because it’s the physical activity piece and the social piece of being in a team
What does the AAP recommend in terms of organized ports?
Participation in a variety of activities
-recommends against intensive physical activity
Organized sports should not take the place of regular physical activity
Emphasis should be on having fun and on family participation rather rather than being competitive
Warns against intensive, specialized training for children
When doing a nutrition assessment on children what do we look for for anthropometric data?
Fat fold measurements
Wt and ht measures
-measure at birth, 2,4,6,9,12,18,24months then yearly after
Compare against growth charts to monitor growth pattern over time
what does a less than 3rd%tile indicate?
Stunting or shortnesss
-can result from long-term malnutrition
When do we start using BMI for age for children?
Recommended for screening over 2yrs
-try and indicate wasting overweight and obesity
How do we interpret BMI for age for ages 5-19?
Less than 3rd%tile: underweight or wasting due to recent malnutrition, dehydration and genetic disorder
Greater than 85%tile: overweight
Greater than 97th%tile: Obesity
For children, when doing an anthropometric analysis what should we keep an eye out for?
Protein energy malnutrition
-malnutrition due to inadequate protein or calorie or intake
What are the 2 forms of PEM?
Stunted growth
-ht for age <3rd%tile
Severely stunted growth
–ht for age <0.1st%tile
Wasted
-BMI for age <3rd%tile
Severely wasted
-BMI for age <0.1st%tile
What is IBW?
A weight thought to be maximally healthy for a person
What sit IBW based on?
Mostly ht but modified by such factors as gender, degree of muscular development and age
What is wt statistically associated with?
Is associated with the lowest mortality and max life expectancy for an individual
What are the 2 main indicators of malnutrition?
Abnormal appearance end behaviour
What does abnormal appearance look like?
Dry, cracked skin
Dry, dull brittle hair
Decayed discoloured teeth
Gums bleeding easily
What does abnormal behaviour look like?
Fatigue Weakness Apathy decrease concentration Confusion Depression Mood swings Irritability
What does a dietary assessment look like for children?
Diet history
- Energy intake
- protein intake
- Fe and Ca intake
- Pattern of meals/snacks
- Eating habits
- Intake of supplements
What are the top nutrition related concerns in childhood?
Obesity Hunger/Malnutrition Fe deficiency Intollerances/Allergies Hyperactive disorder Caffeine Dental Carries
How many children in Canada are king in low income families?
11% as of 2006
What is the poverty cycle for children?
Poverty
Chronic hunger
Malnutrition
Increased risk of poor early childhood development
-restricts brain development
-decrease language development
-poor physical and mental health throughout life
What does malnutrition lead to?
Impaired physical and mental development
- poor health
- hyperactivity
- delayed vocal development
How often for a child up to 10yrs need to eat?
Minimum every 4-6 hours to maintain sufficient blood glucose to support the activity of the brain and nervous system
How much glycogen can a Childs liver store?
4hrs
Why are breakfast programs good?
Increase performance
Decrease absenteeism
What are the ways for kids to get nutrition at school?
School breakfast
Cafeteria
Vending machines
Is Fe deficiency common in children?
Less common in children than in toddlers
What are the dietary recommendations to prevent Fe deficiency in children?
Consume Meat, fish, poultry and fortified cereals
Vitamin C rich foods to help absorption
How does Fe deficiency affect children behaviour?
Decrease:
- Energy level
- Attention span
- Learning ability
- Motivation
- Intellectual performance
- Resistance to infection
What does Fe do in the body?
Carries O2 which is used to produce energy
Used to make neurotransmitters
-especially those regulating attention
Many nutrient deficiencies can lead to behavioural symptoms. Can lead to the child being…?
Irritable -Deficiency in Zn, Mg,Niacin thiamin B6 Aggressive Disagreeable Sad Withdrawn
What can a nutritional deficiency be mistaken as?
Hyperactive
Unlikeable
Depressed
-deficiency in Vit C, riboflavin, Niacin, B6 or folate
What is a food intolerance?
Is a chemical reaction
Does NOT involve the immune system and does not cause severe allergic reactions
What are the symptoms of a food intolerance?
Diarrhea Stomach bloating Gas Abdominal pain/cramps Vomiting
What re the predictors/risk factors for food intolerances?
Chemicals Sulfur/Sulfite Digestive disorders Enzyme deficiencies Psychological aversions
What are food allergies (food hypersensitivity reactions)?
Caused by an immune system over-reaction to a certain food
- antibody production
- whole protein or molecule enters body
- causes immunologic response
What kind of reactions do we see in food allergies?
Immediate
delayed
USually sudden
How do you diagnose a food allergy?
Testing for antibodies using skin pricks
How do you treat food allergies?
Identification and elimination of problem food
What are the most common allergies?
Nuts Milk Eggs Fish Shellfish Soy Wheat
When are allergies common?
Most common in first few years of life
-frequently outgrown
What can hyper behaviour be related too?
Poor diet or allergies/intolerances may be part of the problem
ADHD
What can excessive activity may lead to?
Behaviour problems: impulsiveness, restlessness
Learning Problems: Short attention span
What is the treatment for hyperactive disorder?
Parent and child education Behaviour management techniques Special education techniques Physch counselling Medication Health diet to support normal growth
Does restricting sugar help with hyperactivity disorder?
No proof that restricting sugar prevents/treats behaviour problems
How does caffeine affect child behaviour?
Symptoms:
- Inattention
- Restlessness
- Sleeplessness
- Irregular heartbeat
What is the caffeine limit for children?
7-9: 62.5mg/d
10-12: 85mg/d
When are dental carries common?
6-9
How can you reduce dental carries?
By limiting sugary snacks and providing fluoride
Rinse after eating
