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FN 2241 > Lecture 5 II > Flashcards

Lecture 5 II Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Automatic réponse triggered by specific stimulus

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2
Q

What is a rooting reflex?

A

Infant automatically turns head toward the cheek that is touched (assets in the act of breastfeeding)

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3
Q

What is a suckle?

A

reflex causing tongue to move forward and backward

  • present at birth
  • causes the child to suck anything that touches the roof of its mouth
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4
Q

What Is motor development t?

A

Ability to control voluntary muscles

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5
Q

What is top to bottom in motor development?

A

Controls head first and lower legs last

-start tummy time from first days

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6
Q

What does motor development influence?

A

Ability to feed self

Amount of energy expended

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7
Q

What are the cues infants may give for feeding readiness?

A

Watching food being opened
Tight fists or reaching for spoon
Irritation if feeding too slow or stops immediately
Playing with food or spoon (sign of being full)
Slow intake or turning away when full
Stop eating or spit out food when full

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8
Q

What re the impacts that affect cognition?

A

Sensorimotor development

  • discovering relationship between bodies and environment
  • Adequate nutrient intake
    • social and emotional interaction
  • genetics
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9
Q

How does the digestive system start to develop?

A

Fetus swallows amniotic fluid during the 3rT which stimulates intestinal maturation and growth

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10
Q

What are the common problems that arise due to digestive system development ?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux
Diarrhea
Constipation

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11
Q

At birth what are infants able to digest?

A

Fat
Protein
Simple Sugar

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of small infants?

A 
Smaller than fully developed gut
More horizontal shape
Function is immature cause muscles are weaker
[Low] of hydrochloric acid and pepsin 
Increase emptying time
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13
Q

IS the pancreases fully developed when born?

A

No its not, there is low secretion as a result of pancreatic enzymes
-results in inefficient digestion of solids

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14
Q

Is the Renal system fully developed when born?

A

System is immature
Limitide capacity to filter waste and excrete Na
We delay intro to solid until 6 months of age
Food with high solute load causes water lass and dehydration
-when solids introduced offer water regularly

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15
Q

What is the base of infant formula?

A

Non fat cow milk with and without added whey protein

-20-22kcal/oz (same as breast)

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16
Q

What are the typical daily volumes of formula?

A

birth to one month: 16-20fl oz
1-2: 18-26
2-3: 22-30
3-4: 24-32

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17
Q

What % make sup the composition of breast vs cow milk?

A

Breast:
7% Cals from protein
38% Cals from carb
55% Cals from fat

Cow
9-12% cals from protein
41-43% carb
48-50% cals from fat

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18
Q

In order for formulas to have ~50% of their cals from fat what kind of fat do they contain?

A

Vegetable oils replace animals based fats and include essential fatty acids

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19
Q

IN infant formulas, what is the carb makeup?

A

lactose
Glucose
Sucrose

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20
Q

Whats the whey:casein protein ratio in breast vs formula vs cow?

A

Breast: 70:30

Formula: 60:40

Cow: 20:80

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21
Q

What amino acid is added to formulas?

A

Taurineis added for the integrity of retina

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22
Q

If an infant is high risk what are special formulas for?

A

Milk intolerance
Prematurity
Inborn errors of metabolism

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23
Q

What happens an infant has a lactose deficiency?

A

Can be temporary or congenital genetic disorder

Use lactose free formulas that still contain

  • casein as a source of protein
  • Corn syrup and sucrose as the lactose free carb source
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24
Q

What do preterm infants need more of?

A

Formula with more cysteine added

-these formulas are more cal dense compared to other formulas

25
Q

What formula is not recommended?

A

Soy protein instead of milk based

26
Q

What is important for infants 0-4months for intro to solid foods?

A

Rooting reflex important to initiate breasfeeeidng
Baby must learn to coordinate sucking swallowing and breathing at the same time

Extrusion reflex: baby will push tongue out to protect from consuming solid foods

27
Q

What do infants not have at 0-4months interns of muscles??

A

No muscle control to swallow solids

Capacity to digest food, metabolize and excrete nutrients not sully developed

28
Q

What is important for infants 4-6months for intro to solid foods?

A

Decrease extrusion reflex
Start to indicate interest and desire for food
Sit with support and control head

29
Q

What can you start th intro to soldi foods?

A

6months

-gradually

30
Q

What does the intro to solid food coincide with?

A

Increase energy and nutrient need of infants ~6 months that surpasses what can be provided in breast milk and formula

31
Q

What percent of children <4yrs have allergies?

A

6-8%

-and its the absorption of intake protein that cause allergic rxns

32
Q

What solid foods should you introduce first to infants?

A

Purified meats and Fe fortified infant cereals

Mashed Avocado

33
Q

How do you identify allergies?

A

Single ingredient foods should be tried one at a time
And in small portions
3-5 days apart

34
Q

What signs and symptoms should parents look out for regarding food allergies?

A

Nausea vomitting
Abdominal discomfort
Respiratory disturbances

35
Q

In infants 6-9, what are signs that they are ready to eat?

A

Can sit independently
Self feed with finger
Pincer grasp
Drink from sappy cup

36
Q

What are 6-9month meal time tips?

A

Offer milk first then food

Small amounts of a few familiar food plus newer food

Overtime food can be offered first or at separate occasions

Use milk/formula for any additional liquid needed in food prep or sofening

37
Q

IS water needed for 6-9?

A

Allowed but not usually necessary unless hot day

38
Q

IN infants 9-12 what are signs of readiness?

A 
baby can hold a bottle
Grab food and spoon
Sit unsupported
Continue nrutin/formula on demand
\+Fe fortified cereals
39
Q

for ages 9-12 months what re the beverage recommendations?

A

Whole cow milk

-skim, 2%, 1% and soy to be avoided

40
Q

For infants 12months plus what are signs of readiness?

A

Sit at table and eat foods
Begin to master spoon feeding and drinking from cup
Progression of independence

41
Q

What are the nutrition goals of 12moth+ ?

A

Progression of all flavours and textures
Contribute to aloud added sugar and salt
Transition to cow milk

42
Q

For infants 12+ months what foods should you feed them?

A

A small variety of everything

43
Q

When is the right time to introduce cow mil?

A

9-12 months atleast because:

  • Associated with intestinal bleeding and Fe deficiency
  • Poor source of Fe
44
Q

What is a lactose intolerance?

A

Inability to digest the disaccharide lactose

  • lactose intolerance is actually uncommon and tends to be overestimated
  • dairy products are such a key source of Ca, introducing foods with low lactose is recommended for older infants who appeared lactose intolerant when younger
45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A

Diarrhea
Stomach bloating
Gas
Abdominal pain cramps and colic

46
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of milk/food allergies/

A 
Coughing and wheezing
Blood in stool
Constipation
diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Anaphylaxis
Failure to thrive
Eczema/skin rash
47
Q

What are the most common allergies in infants?

A 
Cow milk
Citrus
Soy protein
Egg white
Wheat
Fish
Nuts
48
Q

What happens if a family with a known allergy and then they chose to breastfeed?

A

A fam with a known allergy or intolerance may decrease the risk of the allergy occurring by breastfeeding and postponing allergy causing foods until the second or third year life

49
Q

If a kids is vegetarian or vegan what are the concerns?

A 
PEM
Fe
B12
Vitamin D
Ca
-supplementation may be necessary
50
Q

What are the foods to avoid for kids?

A

baby desserts
Canned veggies
Honey
Addes salt sugar andfådd additives

51
Q

What are the common nutrition related problems and concerns?

A

Failure to thrive
Colic
Constipation
Dental caries and each infections

52
Q

What is FTT?

A

Inadequate wt gain or height gain thought, resulti from a caloric deficit
-can be organic or non organic

53
Q

What is organic and non organic FFT?

A

Organic: Results from a diagnosed medical illness

Non-organic: not based on a medical diagnosis and an environmental cause is suspected

54
Q

What is colic?

A

Sudden onset of irritability and fussiness or crying

Episodes may appear at the same time each day and duration

Symptoms occur 3-4 months

Causes unknown but associated with upset GI

55
Q

Infants typically have how many stools/day?

A

2-6

-stools of breastfed babies tend to be softer than formula babies

56
Q

What are the causes of diarrhea and constipation?

A

Viral and bacterial infections
food intolerances
Changes in fluid intake
Diet

57
Q

How do you reduce infant carries ?

A

Limit use bedtime bottles
Offer juices in cup not bottle
Only give water bottles at bedtime
Dont pop bottle during feeding

58
Q

How do you get dental carries?

A

Caries and ear infections are linked to infant feeding practices

FN 2241 (12 decks)

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