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Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wet nurse?

A

In the 1700s another women who would be able to breastfeed the baby
-someone other than the mom

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2
Q

When did formula feeding become popular?

A

1900s

  • modern, efficient and practical
  • Infant separation after delivery
  • tech (pumps)
  • Fashion industry
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3
Q

When did breastfeeding increase?

A

1970s

-its efficient, effective and can take it everywhere

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4
Q

Who is more likely to breastfeed?

A

Higher education
Higher SES
-more likely to at least for 6 months

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5
Q

How does one decide to breastfeed?

A

Lifestyle
Attitudes
Habits

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6
Q

Why is Brest best?

A 
Simple and natural
Enjoyable and easy
Anywhere anytime
Sterile 
Appropriate temp
Freedom
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7
Q

What is lactation?

A

Automatic physiological process

  • learned behaviour for mom and baby
  • listen to the sound to make sure they are swallowing
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8
Q

In order to breastfeed what does one need?

A

Supportive environments
Early Encouragement and info from health care professionals
Fathers support
Social Acceptance and support

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9
Q

What are the breastfeeding recommendations?

A

Exclusive for first 6 months
May continue with complimentary feeding up to 2 yrs
-need vitamin D supplement 10micrograms/day starting at birth

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10
Q

When can you introduce solid foods?

A

6 months

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11
Q

What are the breastfeeding rights?

A

Right to breastfeed in public anywhere anytime

Right to maintain lactation after returning to work

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12
Q

Does the quality of the milk ever waver?

A

Quality will always be there
-around 50% fat

Quantity will be affected if nutrition an hydration isnt there

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13
Q

Is there anything to increase milk flow?

A

Some drugs to help but usually want mom to wait 3 weeks to see if meds are needed
-dont take decongestants cause it will dry up milk ducts

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14
Q

What is bottle feeding?

A

Breastmilk, formula or a mix

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15
Q

What are the pros and cons to breastfeeding?

A

Pro

  • Easy to prepare sometimes
  • other people can feed baby

Con

  • needs to be sterilized
  • only good for 24hrs
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16
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A

Breastmilk production

-occurs in 3 stages

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of breastmilk production?

A

3rdT

  • 1st feed days post partum
  • milk forms, lactose and protein increase
  • may be compromised with PTV or method of birth

2-5days post partum

  • Milk composition and volume change
  • Referred to as milk coming in
  • can be painful
  • colostrum delivered in small amounts

10 days post partum
-Milk comp is stable

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18
Q

What are the mammary glands?

A

Functional units of the MG are the alveoli which have secretory cells with a dicts at the centre

Small ducts lead to larger ducts and they all come together at the nipple

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19
Q

When do the mammary glands develop?

A

Puberty

  • ovaries mature and release hormones
  • MG production is generally complete within 1-1.5 years post start of menstrual cycle
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20
Q

What happens to the MGs during pregnancy?

A

Proliferative stage

  • estrogen: stimulates development of glands that produce milk
  • progesterone: supports tubule elongation and duplication of cells that line the tubules
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21
Q

What is prolactin and how does it work?

A

Milk production

  • anterior pituitary gland
  • suppressed in 3rdT
  • Demand stimulates milk production
  • Suckling turns off prolactin inhibitory hormone and signals the production of milk
  • Inhibits ovulation
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22
Q

Whats oxytocin and how does it work?

A

Hormone responsible for milk ejection

  • released from posterior pituitary
  • Suckling stimulates let down reflex which allows milk to be released from the breast
  • Other stimuli can cause let down and lead to leaking in early months of breastfeeding
  • Also promotes uterine contractions and helps uterus return to normal size
  • Decrease material PP blood loss
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23
Q

What is fore milk?

A 
Milk at the front of the breast
Released early in nursing's session
-quenches thirst
Low fat high nutrients
More at start of day
24
Q

What is hind milk?

A

Milk released late in nursing’s session

Higher in Fat and satiety

25
What is colostrum?
``` First milk or early milk Liquid gold Rich in beta carotene Nutrition and antibodies, WBCs Very small amount ```
26
What is transition breast milk?
Mature breastmilk During first 2 weeks Increase in energy, lactose, fat, water soluble vits Decrease in protein, fat soluble vitamins, minerals and immunoglobulins?
27
What is the composition of breast milk?
Protein: 6% energy Fat: 55% energy Carb: 39% energy Perfect amount of micronutrients except Vitamin D
28
What is the carb composition in breastmilk?
Lactose, easily digested and facilitates Ca absorption Oligosaccharides -decrease binding of pathogenic bacteria/toxins to intestines of infants
29
What is composition of carbs in breastmilk?
Low protein concentrate (hard on kidneys) - Varies with infant age - immunological properties come from these proteins Contains all essential AAs
30
What are the 2 kinds of protein in milk in general?
Casein - more in cows - facilitates CA absorption Whey - More in breast in greater proportion - Efficiently digested and absorbed - richer in sulfur containing AAs - aid digestion nd protect against bacteria
31
What are bifidfus factors?
Reduces amount of bad bacteria that would grow within the gut -microbial growth factors N-containing sugars Increase growth of lactobacillus bifidus Decrease growth of pathogenic bacteria like ecoli
32
What are n containing sugars?
Non protein N compounds provides 20-25% of the nitrogen in milk This N is available so that the infant can produce non essential AAs as well as produce other proteins with biological roles
33
Why is lactobacillus bifidus important in breastmilk?
Beneficial bacteria protect baby against harmful bacteria by secreting acid compounds
34
What type of milk can you find bifidus factors in?
In breastmilk | -cant be replicated in formula
35
What kind of fat makes up breastmilk?
Fa profile changes with the diet - PUFA like DHA - Trans fat
36
What other form of lipid is in breastmilk?
Cholesterol which helps with myelinization of CNS | -this is not present in formula
37
What does the content if most vitamins vary with?
Moms diet but all re there except Vitamin D
38
When does mineral content start to decrease?
Over the first 4 months post partum to reduce load on kidneys
39
What are the vitamins of interest in breastmilk?
A: higher in colostrum -beta carotene form, bone, eyes, immunity D: increases with sun E: Dependent on fat content K: need supplementation -Gut flora helps increase the amount of vit K to get them through the first 2 weeks B12 and Folic Acid: Bound to wheel proteins -low dependence on maternal diet
40
What are the minerals of interest in breastmilk?
Zn: bound to protein - highly Available for absorption - important in overal growth and development
41
How long do babies need vitamin D supplements?
Need 10 micrograms or 400IU/day for 1 year or until diet provides this amount - D3 better - Becasue direct sun exposure is not recommended for infants
42
What are the other nutritional benefits of breast milk?
Low electrolyte content - leads to low renal solute load - human milk is isotonic Efficient absorption of nutrients Amylase enzymes increase starch digestion
43
What are the maternal benefits of breastmilk?
Hormonal Physical Psychosocial Economical
44
What are the infant benefits of breast milk?
Nutritional immunological Social Cognitive
45
What does breastmilk decrease the rates of in infants??
``` Acute illness Chronic illness Perinatal Mortality SIDS Allergies Obesity ```
46
What are the 5 protective factors in breast milk?
``` Immunoglobulins Lipase activity Lysozyme Lactoferrin Intestinal growth Factor ```
47
What are immunoglobulins?
``` Rich in breast milk, especially colostrum Fights disease Protect infant GI Decrease intestinal infection Decrease risk of chronic disease Secretory IgA ```
48
What is secretly IgA?
Predominant Ig Resistant to digestion Binds harmful bacteria Helps prevent diarrhea
49
What is lipase activity?
Antimicrobial effect -decrease viral and bacterial growth Due to Increase in FFA and monoglycerides formation -compared to milk rich in TG like cows
50
What are lysozyme?
Secreted by neutrophils and macrophages Enriched in breastmilk Breaks bacterial cell walls Inhibits GI bacterial growth
51
What is lactoferrin?
Fe binding protein in breastmilk -makes Fe unavailable for pathogens to grow in GI tract No support of intestinal bacterial growth May increase Fe bioavilability Participates in imbue system Growth factor
52
What is intestinal growth factor?
Epidermal growth factor Increase intestinal cell growth Allows damaged cells to be replaced more rapidly increase resistance to infection
53
What is the rooting reflex?
Prompts infants to turn the head to the side when stimulated by touch to the lips or cheek
54
What is the suckling reflex?
Especially strong in the first months
55
What are the positions for breast feeding?
Cradle hold Football/Clutch hold Cross cuddle Saddle

FN 2241 (12 decks)

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