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FN 2241 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wet nurse?

A

In the 1700s another women who would be able to breastfeed the baby
-someone other than the mom

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2
Q

When did formula feeding become popular?

A

1900s

  • modern, efficient and practical
  • Infant separation after delivery
  • tech (pumps)
  • Fashion industry
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3
Q

When did breastfeeding increase?

A

1970s

-its efficient, effective and can take it everywhere

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4
Q

Who is more likely to breastfeed?

A

Higher education
Higher SES
-more likely to at least for 6 months

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5
Q

How does one decide to breastfeed?

A

Lifestyle
Attitudes
Habits

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6
Q

Why is Brest best?

A 
Simple and natural
Enjoyable and easy
Anywhere anytime
Sterile 
Appropriate temp
Freedom
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7
Q

What is lactation?

A

Automatic physiological process

  • learned behaviour for mom and baby
  • listen to the sound to make sure they are swallowing
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8
Q

In order to breastfeed what does one need?

A

Supportive environments
Early Encouragement and info from health care professionals
Fathers support
Social Acceptance and support

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9
Q

What are the breastfeeding recommendations?

A

Exclusive for first 6 months
May continue with complimentary feeding up to 2 yrs
-need vitamin D supplement 10micrograms/day starting at birth

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10
Q

When can you introduce solid foods?

A

6 months

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11
Q

What are the breastfeeding rights?

A

Right to breastfeed in public anywhere anytime

Right to maintain lactation after returning to work

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12
Q

Does the quality of the milk ever waver?

A

Quality will always be there
-around 50% fat

Quantity will be affected if nutrition an hydration isnt there

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13
Q

Is there anything to increase milk flow?

A

Some drugs to help but usually want mom to wait 3 weeks to see if meds are needed
-dont take decongestants cause it will dry up milk ducts

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14
Q

What is bottle feeding?

A

Breastmilk, formula or a mix

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15
Q

What are the pros and cons to breastfeeding?

A

Pro

  • Easy to prepare sometimes
  • other people can feed baby

Con

  • needs to be sterilized
  • only good for 24hrs
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16
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A

Breastmilk production

-occurs in 3 stages

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of breastmilk production?

A

3rdT

  • 1st feed days post partum
  • milk forms, lactose and protein increase
  • may be compromised with PTV or method of birth

2-5days post partum

  • Milk composition and volume change
  • Referred to as milk coming in
  • can be painful
  • colostrum delivered in small amounts

10 days post partum
-Milk comp is stable

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18
Q

What are the mammary glands?

A

Functional units of the MG are the alveoli which have secretory cells with a dicts at the centre

Small ducts lead to larger ducts and they all come together at the nipple

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19
Q

When do the mammary glands develop?

A

Puberty

  • ovaries mature and release hormones
  • MG production is generally complete within 1-1.5 years post start of menstrual cycle
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20
Q

What happens to the MGs during pregnancy?

A

Proliferative stage

  • estrogen: stimulates development of glands that produce milk
  • progesterone: supports tubule elongation and duplication of cells that line the tubules
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21
Q

What is prolactin and how does it work?

A

Milk production

  • anterior pituitary gland
  • suppressed in 3rdT
  • Demand stimulates milk production
  • Suckling turns off prolactin inhibitory hormone and signals the production of milk
  • Inhibits ovulation
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22
Q

Whats oxytocin and how does it work?

A

Hormone responsible for milk ejection

  • released from posterior pituitary
  • Suckling stimulates let down reflex which allows milk to be released from the breast
  • Other stimuli can cause let down and lead to leaking in early months of breastfeeding
  • Also promotes uterine contractions and helps uterus return to normal size
  • Decrease material PP blood loss
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23
Q

What is fore milk?

A 
Milk at the front of the breast
Released early in nursing's session
-quenches thirst
Low fat high nutrients
More at start of day
24
Q

What is hind milk?

A

Milk released late in nursing’s session

Higher in Fat and satiety

25
Q

What is colostrum?

A 
First milk or early milk
Liquid gold
Rich in beta carotene 
Nutrition and antibodies, WBCs
Very small amount
26
Q

What is transition breast milk?

A

Mature breastmilk
During first 2 weeks

Increase in energy, lactose, fat, water soluble vits

Decrease in protein, fat soluble vitamins, minerals and immunoglobulins?

27
Q

What is the composition of breast milk?

A

Protein: 6% energy
Fat: 55% energy
Carb: 39% energy
Perfect amount of micronutrients except Vitamin D

28
Q

What is the carb composition in breastmilk?

A

Lactose, easily digested and facilitates Ca absorption

Oligosaccharides
-decrease binding of pathogenic bacteria/toxins to intestines of infants

29
Q

What is composition of carbs in breastmilk?

A

Low protein concentrate (hard on kidneys)

  • Varies with infant age
  • immunological properties come from these proteins

Contains all essential AAs

30
Q

What are the 2 kinds of protein in milk in general?

A

Casein

  • more in cows
  • facilitates CA absorption

Whey

  • More in breast in greater proportion
  • Efficiently digested and absorbed
  • richer in sulfur containing AAs
  • aid digestion nd protect against bacteria
31
Q

What are bifidfus factors?

A

Reduces amount of bad bacteria that would grow within the gut
-microbial growth factors

N-containing sugars
Increase growth of lactobacillus bifidus
Decrease growth of pathogenic bacteria like ecoli

32
Q

What are n containing sugars?

A

Non protein N compounds provides 20-25% of the nitrogen in milk

This N is available so that the infant can produce non essential AAs as well as produce other proteins with biological roles

33
Q

Why is lactobacillus bifidus important in breastmilk?

A

Beneficial bacteria protect baby against harmful bacteria by secreting acid compounds

34
Q

What type of milk can you find bifidus factors in?

A

In breastmilk

-cant be replicated in formula

35
Q

What kind of fat makes up breastmilk?

A

Fa profile changes with the diet

  • PUFA like DHA
  • Trans fat
36
Q

What other form of lipid is in breastmilk?

A

Cholesterol which helps with myelinization of CNS

-this is not present in formula

37
Q

What does the content if most vitamins vary with?

A

Moms diet but all re there except Vitamin D

38
Q

When does mineral content start to decrease?

A

Over the first 4 months post partum to reduce load on kidneys

39
Q

What are the vitamins of interest in breastmilk?

A

A: higher in colostrum
-beta carotene form, bone, eyes, immunity
D: increases with sun
E: Dependent on fat content
K: need supplementation
-Gut flora helps increase the amount of vit K to get them through the first 2 weeks
B12 and Folic Acid: Bound to wheel proteins
-low dependence on maternal diet

40
Q

What are the minerals of interest in breastmilk?

A

Zn: bound to protein

  • highly Available for absorption
  • important in overal growth and development
41
Q

How long do babies need vitamin D supplements?

A

Need 10 micrograms or 400IU/day for 1 year or until diet provides this amount

  • D3 better
  • Becasue direct sun exposure is not recommended for infants
42
Q

What are the other nutritional benefits of breast milk?

A

Low electrolyte content

  • leads to low renal solute load
  • human milk is isotonic

Efficient absorption of nutrients

Amylase enzymes increase starch digestion

43
Q

What are the maternal benefits of breastmilk?

A

Hormonal
Physical
Psychosocial
Economical

44
Q

What are the infant benefits of breast milk?

A

Nutritional
immunological
Social
Cognitive

45
Q

What does breastmilk decrease the rates of in infants??

A 
Acute illness
Chronic illness
Perinatal Mortality
SIDS
Allergies
Obesity
46
Q

What are the 5 protective factors in breast milk?

A 
Immunoglobulins
Lipase activity
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Intestinal growth Factor
47
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A 
Rich in breast milk, especially colostrum
Fights disease
Protect infant GI
Decrease intestinal infection
Decrease risk of chronic disease
Secretory IgA
48
Q

What is secretly IgA?

A

Predominant Ig
Resistant to digestion
Binds harmful bacteria
Helps prevent diarrhea

49
Q

What is lipase activity?

A

Antimicrobial effect
-decrease viral and bacterial growth

Due to Increase in FFA and monoglycerides formation
-compared to milk rich in TG like cows

50
Q

What are lysozyme?

A

Secreted by neutrophils and macrophages
Enriched in breastmilk
Breaks bacterial cell walls
Inhibits GI bacterial growth

51
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

Fe binding protein in breastmilk
-makes Fe unavailable for pathogens to grow in GI tract
No support of intestinal bacterial growth
May increase Fe bioavilability
Participates in imbue system
Growth factor

52
Q

What is intestinal growth factor?

A

Epidermal growth factor
Increase intestinal cell growth
Allows damaged cells to be replaced more rapidly
increase resistance to infection

53
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

Prompts infants to turn the head to the side when stimulated by touch to the lips or cheek

54
Q

What is the suckling reflex?

A

Especially strong in the first months

55
Q

What are the positions for breast feeding?

A

Cradle hold
Football/Clutch hold
Cross cuddle
Saddle

FN 2241 (12 decks)

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