Lecture 3 Flashcards
What is Pregravid?
Before pregnancy
What is gravid?
Pregnant
What is Gravid?
Pregnant women
What is gravidity?
# of pregnancies -includes miscarriages
What is primigravida?
Women during 1st pregnancy
What is multigravida?
Women who has been pregnant 2 or more times
What Is parity?
of deliveries
What is Nullipara/nulliparous?
Has given birth to no child
What is Primipara/primiparous?
Has given birth to 1 child
What is multipara/multiparous?
Has given birth to more than 2 children
-regardless of infant survival
What does perinatal mean?
Around birth
What is neonatal?
First 4 weeks after birth
What is neonate?
A newborn
What is the postnatal stage as long as?
Neonatal (4 wks) but postnatal is longer
What is the difference between and zygotee, embryo and fetus?
Zygote: cell formed by union of sperm and egg and ovum (conception - 2wks)
Embryo: 2-8wks
Fetus: more than 8 wks
What is the menstrual age?
Period of time from last menstrual period
-normally start counting here for babies
What is gestation?
Period from conception to birth
What is preterm/prematuree?
less than 37 weeks
What is a term baby?
38-42
What are we worried about with a post tree baby?
> 42wks we are worried about placonium (first poop)
- it can get into amniotic fluid and then get into their lungs
What is a live born infant?
When an infant is born and shows any sign of life such as a beating heat, breath, pulsating umbilical cord and or movement of voluntary muscles
-cord and placenta may or may not be attached
When do most deaths in newborns occur?
2/3 of deaths of liveborn infants occur within the first month of life
Why do we want the cord to be attached to the baby for another 10-15 mins?
Want the cord attached until it stopps pulsing (10-15mins) before cutting. Babies that do this are better in the first 3month-1yr of life
What do infant morbidity and mortality tell us about a population?
These tell us the most about the health of a population. More med care and access to nutrition a population has the fewer cases of infant mortality will be seen
-reflects health and sea of a population
What are the statistics on the risk factors for infant mortality?
SES of popularion
Low birth weight
-<10% of all births but 2/3 of all info deaths
Preterm infants
What is the best defence against infant mortality?
7 12 to 10 pounds
3500-4500g
What is a zygote?
Is created whens per cell fertilizes and egg cell at conception
-Zygote quickly divides into many cells, becomes an embryo and implants itself in the uterine wall where it develops into a fetus
What are the 3 layers of the embryo?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
What does the ectoderm layer turn into?
Epidermis and nerve tissue
What does the mesoderm turn into?
Everything else thats not eco or endoderm
What does the endoderm turn into?
GI, excretory and respiratory system lining
When does mom start noticing baby movement?
15-17 wks
-also depends on if placenta is posterior or anterior
What is a critical period?
Finite periods during development in which critical events may occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
-cells grow in number and size
What happens if you are malnurished during critical times?
Its not possible to revers direction and correct errors in growth or development that occurred during a previous critical period
-consequences last a lifetime
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Hyperplasia: cell number
Hypertrophy: cell size
What are the 2 hypothesis for disease risk later in life?
H1: Adverse influences at critical times set stage for chronic disease in adulthood
H2: Environmental exposures in utero in the first few years of life may:
- alter DNA
- Alter gene functions without altering DNA
- may affect more than 1 generation
Why do we look at birthweight?
- indicator of infant health
- Strong predictor of subsequent development of infant
- high birthweight=decreased risk (but not too high)
How is baby birth weight influenced by mom?
Wt prior to conception
Wt gain during pregnancy
- total
- wt gain pattern
Nutrition before pregnancy
What is SGA?
Small for gestational age
- <10%
- Small for the length of time they’ve been growing inside mom
what is pSGA?
Baby is proportionately small for gestational age. Everything on their body is smaller than what we would normally see. -Tend to stay small throughout life
Why would a baby be SGA?
Long term inadequate nutrition
Inadequate nutrition intake/maternal weight gain in pregnancy
-Pre-pregnancy weight
Chronic exposure to alcohol
How do you fix a baby that is SGA?
Catchup growth needed in weight and length
- Cant have catchup growth to be too fast so they don’t get overwhelmed
- can increase their risk for obesity and DM2 later
Breastfeeding supports catchup
What happens if you have inadequate nutrition in 3rd T?
Tend to have academic/intellectual consequences and at increased risk for HD, HT, and DM2 later
What is LGA?
Large for gestational age
->90th%
How does a baby become LGA?
Pre pregnancy obesity
Poorly controlled DM
Excessive weight gain during pregnancy
What are the consequences of LGA?
Increased risk of post party complications
C section
Shoulder dystocia
Post partum Hemmorrhage
What is the thrifty phenotype?
when mom doesn’t get enough nutritnets, baby learns to deal with what its given. When you overwhelme the baby after bron to try and raise weight, it just acucmulates in the system
What physiological changes do we se in mom during pregnancy in the first few weeks of conception?
- Blood plasma volume increases
- Body readjusts body equilibrium and health in certain areas
- GI changes
- Uterus size
- Placenta
- Breast size
- Increase to circulatory and respiratory systems
- Kidneys change
- Immune function
- Basal metabolism
Why does blood plasma volume increase?
Provide fetus with adequate nutrient energy and O2
-amount increased can also correlated to baby size
What new equilibriums does the body need to establish Lish?
Fluid levels -2/3 intracellular 1/3 extracellular Hemodilution -lower amount of Fe, folate and BVits for arount of fluid in body Blood lipids Glucose metabolism
Why does the GI change?
Increase nutrient absorption of select nutrients
Increase utilization of nutrients
Relax GI muscle tone
What is relaxin?
Hormone Relaxin released to allow a lining in the uterus to expand
-See increased reflux here cause of relaxin, and the muscles in the GI can become lazy and lead to constipation. -There is also a lot more pressure in the area which leads to more extreme reflux and constipation the further along in pregnancy you go
What is the maternal anabolic phase?
0-20 weeks
- increasing and building stores to give to fetus
- 10% of fetal growth and weight gain
What is the maternal catabolic phase?
20+wks
- increased capacity to deliver energy and nutrient stores
- 90% of fetal growth and weight gain
What are some the changes what occur int he kidneys?
Increase GFR =increase thirst
Increase in conservation
Increase nutrient spillage
What is high ligament pain?
being stretch for the uterus to grow and pelvic area to be ready (towards end of 2nd T and into 3rdT
• Pain after pregnancy in this area beasue the uterus has to shrink back down
