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BMS101 > Lecture 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 and 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

Provides some cushioning and minimising friction between where the bone ends

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2
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Acts as a shock absorber and contribute to the durability found in intervertebral discs.

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3
Q

Function of elastic cartilage

A

Provides suppourt with moderate elasticity to parts of the body such as the ears

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4
Q

Where is hyaline cartialge found

A

. Found in fetal skeleton

. At ends of bones that articulate with each other

. Trachea, larynx and nose

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5
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral disc
pubic symphysis
menisci of the knee

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6
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

epiglottis

external ear

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7
Q

What are the functions of bone

A

Support and protection
Movement
Hemopoiesis
Storage of mineral and energy reserves

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8
Q

Describe long bones

A

Greater length than width

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9
Q

Describe short bones

A

Nearly equal length and width

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10
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Thin surfaces

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11
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Complex shapes

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12
Q

Describe the structure of long bone

A

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis

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13
Q

Describe diaphysis

A

Elongated, cylindrical shaft

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14
Q

Describe epiphysis

A
  • Knobby, enlarged regions at each end
  • Strengthens joints
  • Attachment site for tendons and ligaments
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15
Q

Describe metaphysis

A
  • Region between diaphysis and epiphysis

* Contains epiphyseal (growth) plate

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16
Q

Describe articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

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17
Q

Function of articular cartilage

A

• Reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints

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18
Q

Describe Medullary cavity

A
  • Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis

* In adults, it contains yellow bone marrow

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19
Q

Describe endosteum

A

. Covers most internal surfaces of bones

• Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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20
Q

Describe periosteum

A

• Covers external surfaces of bones (except articular cartilage)

Anchored by perforating fibres embedded in the bone matrix

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21
Q

Name the 4 bone cell types

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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22
Q

Describe Osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells derived from embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) found in endosteum and periosteum; can produce more stem cells or osteoblasts

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23
Q

Describe Osteoblasts

A

secrete bone matrix (osteoid); cuboidal in shape; once trapped in the matrix it becomes osteocytes - builds bone

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24
Q

Describe Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that reside within lacunae; maintain matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone

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25
Q

Describe Osteoclasts

A

Large, multinuclear cells, derived from bone marrow cells; dissolves bone matrix -
removes bone & releases calcium

26
Q

Describe compact bone

A

. dense or cortical bone
• Solid and relatively dense
• External surfaces of long and flat bones

27
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

cancellous or trabecular bone
• Open lattice of narrow plates called trabeculae (beams)
• Internal surface of bones
• Porous

28
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A

• The foetal hyaline cartilage model develops

Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms

The primary ossification centre forms in the diaphysis

Secondary ossification centre form in the epiphyses

Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and
epiphyseal plates

Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

29
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centers

Osteoblasts become entrapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them to osteocytes

Trabecular bone and periosteum form

Cortical bone forms superficially to the trabecular bone

Blood vessels form the red marrow

30
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur

A

Carpal and Tarsal bones

31
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur

A

Bones of the skull

32
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton

A 
. Supporting your body and helping you move
. Protecting your internal organs
. Producing your blood cells
. Storing and releasing fat
. Storing and releasing minerals
33
Q

What are the subdivisions of the skeleton

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

34
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of

A

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

35
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of

A

Shoulder and hip bones and those of the upper and lower extremities

36
Q

Describe cranial bones

A

8 bones that form the cranium and have direct contact with the brain

37
Q

Describe facial bones

A

Includes 13 bones that form the face and have no brain contact

38
Q

List the cranial bones

A

unpaired ethmoid, frontal, occipital, and sphenoid bones

paired parietal and temporal bones

39
Q

List the facial bones

A

paired maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae

unpaired vomer

40
Q

What is the vertebral column made up of

A 
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
41
Q

Describe cervical vertebrae how many bones

A

7

Seven bones that form the neck

42
Q

Describe Thoracic vertebrae how many bones

A

12

Twelve bones that form the superior regions of the back

43
Q

Describe Lumbar vertebrae how many bones

A

5

Five bones that form the inferior concave region of the back

44
Q

Describe Sacrum

how many bones

A

5 fused

Five fused vertebrae

45
Q

Describe Coccyx

how many bones

A

3-5 fused

Four fused vertebrae

46
Q

Describe pectoral girdle

A

Articulates with the trunk and

supports the upper limbs

47
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of

A

Clavicle

Scapula

48
Q

Describe pelvic girdle

A

articulates with the sacrum and

supports the lower limbs

49
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of

A

os coxae (hip bones)

50
Q

Describe os coxae

A

Fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis between 13 and 15 years of age

51
Q

What are the articulations of the os coxae

A
  • Anteriorly with other os coxae
  • Posteriorly with the sacrum
  • Laterally with femur at acetabulum
  • All three bones of os coxa contribute to its acetabulum
52
Q

What does the pelvic limbs consist of

A 
illium
pubis
ischium
femur
tibia
fibula
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
phalanges
53
Q

Compare and contrast female and male pelvis

A

• Female ilia laterally flared = wider pelvis
• Female pelvic inlet = wide oval; male’s = heart-shaped
• Female subpubic angle is wider: Greater than 100º compared to less than
90º in male

54
Q

Features of scapula

A

Broad, flat triangle

Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus

55
Q

Features of illium

A

Superior portion of os coxa
and acetabulum

Iliac fossa
Iliac crest
Greater sciatic notch
• Auricular surface

56
Q

Describe illiac fossa

A

Large depression on

medial surface

57
Q

Describe illiac crest

A

Superior ridge

58
Q

Describe greater sciatic notch

A

For sciatic

nerve entering lower limb

59
Q

Describe auricular surface

A

Medial

articulation with sacrum

60
Q

Features of pubis

A

Subpubic angle
• Obturator foramen: Large hole
Anterior region of os coxae

61
Q

What are the protective cavities within the skeleton

A 
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity

BMS101 (8 decks)

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