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BMS101 > Lecture 16 and 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 and 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the characteristics of the heart

A

generates blood pressure through alternate cycles of the heart wall’s contraction and relaxation.

• Blood flow through the heart is unidirectional because of four
valves within the heart

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2
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A

right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins;
conveys blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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3
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A

left side of the heart and arteries and veins; conveys blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

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4
Q

Describe the position of the heart

A

Slightly left of midline deep

to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mediastinum

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5
Q

More positions of the heart info

A

The posterosuperior surface of the heart is mainly the left
atrium and is called the base of the heart.
• The superior border is formed by the great arterial vessels
and the superior vena cava.
• The inferior conical end is called the apex.
• The inferior border is formed by the right ventricle.

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6
Q

Describe structure of the pericardum

A

a tough sack that encloses the heart

composed of fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium

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7
Q

Describe fibrous pericardium

A

outer covering of tough, dense

connective tissue

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8
Q

Describe serous pericardium

A

parietal layer

visceral layer

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9
Q

describe parietal layer

A

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

describe visceral layer

A

covers the outer surface of the heart

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11
Q

Function of pericardium

A

• Restricts heart movements
so that it moves only slightly
within the thorax

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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13
Q

Describe Epicardium

A

consists of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue

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14
Q

Describe Myocardium

A

—cardiac muscle; thickest of the three layers

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15
Q

Describe endocardium

A

internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves; consists of the inner heart lining, endothelium and areolar connective tissue.

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16
Q

Descirbe the externals of the heart

A 
• Composed of four hollow chambers
- two smaller and
superior atria
-  two larger inferior
ventricles
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17
Q

Describe the internals of the heart(Chambers)

A 
The heart possesses four chambers:
• Right atrium
• Right ventricle
• Left atrium
• Left ventricle
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18
Q

Describe the internals of the heart(Valves)

A 
The heart also possesses four valves:
• Right atrioventricular (tricuspid)
• Pulmonary semilunar
• Left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral)
• Aortic semilunar
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19
Q

Describe right coronary artery

A

Branches into two arteries:
• Marginal artery
• Posterior interventricular artery

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20
Q

Describe marginal artery

A

supplies the right border of the heart

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21
Q

Describe Posterior interventricular artery

A

supplies the posterior surface of the left

and right ventricles

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22
Q

Describe left coronary artery

A

Branches into two arteries:
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery

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23
Q

Describe Anterior interventricular artery

A

also called the left anterior descending
artery, supplies the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the
interventricular septum

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24
Q

Describe Circumflex artery

A

supplies the left atrium and ventricle

25
Q

Describe coronary veins

A

Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

26
Q

Describe Great cardiac vein

A

runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery

27
Q

Describe Middle cardiac vein

A

runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery

28
Q

Describe Small cardiac vein

A

travels close to the marginal artery

29
Q

Describe coronary circulation

A

The right and left coronary arteries travel within the coronary sulcus and supply the heart wall muscle with oxygen and
nutrients.

30
Q

Describe arteries

A

. very thick walls
. carry blood from the heart to the organs
. no valves
. carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the organs

31
Q

Describe capillaries

A

. thin walls
. carry blood between veins and arteries
. carries both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

32
Q

Describe veins

A

. thin walls
. carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart from the organs to the heart
. has valves

33
Q

Describe diastole blood pressure

A

Relaxation of the heart
During relaxation, the myocardium in each chamber relaxes and the
chamber fills with blood

34
Q

Describe systole blood pressure

A

Contraction of the heart
During contraction, the myocardium forces blood from either the
• atria to ventricles
• ventricles to major blood vessels (pulmonary artery/aorta)

35
Q

Describe how the different types of vessel interconnect to transport blood

A

Capillaries connect the arteries to veins
Arteries deliver the oxygenated blood to the capillaries
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
Capillaries deliver the deoxygenated blood to the veins for transport back to the lungs and heart

36
Q

Describe systemic circulation step 1

A

Oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle and then is pumped into the aorta

37
Q

Describe systemic circulation step 2

A

Blood passes from the aorta into elastic arteries and then into muscular arteries before entering arterioles

38
Q

Describe systemic circulation step 3

A

Blood in arterioles enters systemic capillaries for the exchange of gases and nutrients

39
Q

Describe systemic circulation step 4

A

Deoxygenated blood exits capillary beds into venules and then into veins

40
Q

Describe systemic circulation step 5

A

Deoxygenated blood is conducted to either the superior or inferior vena cava and then enters the right atrium of the heart

41
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation step 6

A

Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and is then pumped into the pulmonary trunk

42
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation step 7

A

The pulmonary trunk conducts deoxygenated blood into pulmonary arteries to the lungs

43
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation step 8

A

The blood passes through the smaller arteries before entering pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange

44
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation step 9

A

Oxygenated blood exits the lung via a series of progressively larger veins that merge to form the pulmonary veins

45
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation step 10

A

Pulmonary veins drain into the left atrium

46
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation step 11

A

The cycle repeats

47
Q

Describe postnatal circulation patterns step 1

A

. The umbilical cord is clamped and the baby no longer receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother

48
Q

Describe postnatal circulation patterns step 2

A

Lungs expand within first breaths of air, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale both close

49
Q

Describe postnatal circulation patterns step 3

A

Babys circulation and blood flow through the heart now functions like an adults

50
Q

Describe fetal circulation patterns step 1

A

Oxygenated blood enter from right side of heart and flows into right atrium

Most of blood flow across to the left atrium through forearm ovale

51
Q

Describe fetal circulation patterns step 2

A

From left atrium blood moves into left ventricle

then pumped into the ascending aorta

52
Q

Describe fetal circulation patterns step 3

A

From aorta, oxygenated blood sent to brain and to heart muscle

Blood is also sent to lower body

53
Q

Describe fetal circulation patterns step 4

A

Blood returning to the heart from the fetal body contains carbon dioxide and waste products as it enters the right atrium

flows down into the right ventricle, then bypasses the lungs and flows through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta

54
Q

Describe fetal circulation(blood flow) 1

A

Oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood are transferred across the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical cord.

55
Q

Describe fetal circulation(blood flow) 2

A

This enriched blood flows through the umbilical vein toward the baby’s liver. There it moves through a shunt called the ductus venosus

56
Q

Describe fetal circulation(blood flow) 3

A

This allows some of the blood to go to the liver. But most of this highly oxygenated blood flows to a large vessel called the inferior vena cava and then into the right atrium of the heart.

57
Q

Describe fetal circulation patterns step 5

A

connects to the umbilical arteries. From there, blood flows back into the placenta

the carbon dioxide and waste products are released into the mother’s circulatory system

58
Q

Describe fetal circulation patterns step 6

A

Oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood are transferred across the placenta

Then the cycle starts again.

BMS101 (8 decks)

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