Lecture 13 and 14(respiratory) Flashcards
Components of the conducting zones of the respiratory system
Conducting zones
Passageway, transports air
From nose to terminal bronchioles
Components of the respiratory zones of the respiratory system
Respiratory zones
Small airways dedicated to gas exchange
From respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
Describe the function of the respiratory system
Breathing, involve both inhalation and exhalation
Sound production
Defence
Olfaction
Gas conditioning(warmed,humidified,cleansed)
Describe organisation of upper respiratory tract organs
Nose and nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Functions of nose
Main conducting airway for inhaled air
Describe the structure of nose
Supported by paired nasal bones superiorly that form the bridge of the nose.
Supported anteroinferiorly from the bridge by the fleshy
cartilage.
Function of paranasal sinueses
spaces make the bones lighter in weight
Structure of paranasal sinuses
. Frontal
. Ethmoidal
. Sphenoidal
. Maxillary
Contain paired air spaces
Structure of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Function of nasopharynx
Conducts air
Function of oropharynx
Conducts air
Serves as passageway for food and drink
Function of laryngopharynx
Conducts air
Serves as passageway for food and drink
Structure of nasopharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity
Structure of oropharynx
Posterior to the oral cavity
Structure of laryngopharynx
Posterior to level of cricoid cartilage in larynx
Structure of lower respiratory tract(conduction portion)
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles - terminal
Structure of lower respiratory tract(respiratory portion)
. respiratory bronchioles
• alveolar ducts
• alveoli
Function larynx
Conducting: Air produces sound
Function trachea
Conducting air
Function bronchi
Conducting air
Function bronchioles
Conducting air
Smooth muscle in walls allow for bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
Function respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory: gas exchange
Function alvelolar ducts
Respiratory: gas exchange
Function alveoli
Respiratory: gas exchange
Structure of Larynx
Connects pharynx to trachea
Supported by a framework of cartilages, ligaments, and
muscles
Structure trachea
Supported by C-shaped
tracheal cartilages
Inferior to the larynx, superior to the primary bronchi, and anterior to the oesophagus
Structure bronchi
They reside within the substance of the lungs
The trachea branches into left and right primary bronchi at the carina.
Structure bronchioles
less than 1 mm in diameter
Their walls are composed of a relatively thick layer of smooth
muscle
What is bronchoconstriction
Contraction of the smooth muscle results in a narrowing of
the bronchioles
What is bronchodilation
Relaxation of the smooth muscle results in a widening of the
bronchioles
Structure of alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts end with small saccular outpocketings called alveoli(little cavity)
Structure of respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
Characteristics of the respiratory membrane
• It is the diffusion barrier across which respiratory gases are
exchanged between the blood and the air in the alveoli.
What does the respiratory membrane consist of
. plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell
• plasma membrane of the capillary cell
• fused basement membrane of both cells
Function of pleura
To allow optimal expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing
Protects and cushions lungs
Structure of pleuara
A serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membrane structure
Describe visceral pleura
Visceral pleura tightly adheres to the outside of the lung
Describe parietal pleura
Parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity itself
Structure of lungs
Conical in shape
has a base inferiorly that rests on the diaphragm
an apex that is the superior most portion of the lung
Strcture left lung
Slightly smaller than right lung
Has an oblique fissure that divides the lung into two lobes
superior and inferior lobes
Structure right lung
Has two fissures, oblique and horizontal fissures that divide the lung into three lobes
(superior, middle and inferior lobes)
Blood supply to and from lungs(1)- pulmonary circualtion
The pulmonary circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.
Blood supply to and from lungs(2) - bronchial circulation
• The bronchial circulation is a component of the systemic
circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles.
Function of pulmonary ventilation
is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system.
Movement of gases follows Boyle’s law.
Process of pulmonary ventilation
During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, and air flows into the
lungs.
• During exhalation, the opposite is true
Describe vertical
movement of the diaphragm
Describe lateral
—muscles attached to ribs
Describe anterior/posterior
muscles attached to ribs
What are the 3 muscles involved in inhalation and exhalation
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
Describe External intercostals
elevates ribs during inhalation
Describe Internal intercostals
—depresses ribs during forced exhalation
Describe Diaphragm
the major muscle of respiration
Describe inhalation process during respiration(thoracic wall dimension changes)
Diaphragram contracts, vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity increase
Ribs are elevated and the thoracic cavity widens
Inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly
Describe the exhalation process during exhalation(thoracic wall dimension changes)
Diaphragm relaxes, vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity narrow
Ribs are depressed and thoracic cavity narrows
Inferior portion of sternum moves posteriorly
