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BMS101 > Lecture 4 and 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of cells in the human body

A
  • Covering
  • Lining
  • Storage
  • Movement
  • Connection
  • Defence
  • Communication
  • Reproduction
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2
Q

Describe covering

A

Protect outer surface of the body

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3
Q

Describe lining

A

Regulate nutrient movement into body tissues

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4
Q

Describe storage

A

Store lipid reserves

Store carbohydrate nutrients as glycogen

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5
Q

Describe movement

A

Pump blood

Move skeleton

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6
Q

Describe connection

A

Form ligaments that attach bone to bone

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7
Q

Describe defence

A

Produce antibodies to target antigens or invading cells

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8
Q

Describe communication

A

Send information between regions of the brain

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9
Q

Describe reproduction

A

Produce new blood cells

Produce new invididual

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10
Q

Characteristics of the plasma membrane

A

Regulates the passage of
gases, nutrients, and wastes between the internal and external
environments of the cell

Has lipids and proteins

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11
Q

Characteristics of the cytoplasm

A 
• All materials (solid
and liquid)
between plasma
membrane and
nucleus
• Cytosol
• Inclusions
• Organelles
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12
Q

Characteristics of the nucleus

A

contains genetic information (DNA)
• controls the shape and activity through protein synthesis
• exports genetic information as RNA via the nucleolus

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13
Q

Describe the contents of a prototypical cell

A

A generalised cell(not a real cell in the body)

Combines features from many different cells for teaching purposes

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with each other

Integral proteins embedded in the phosoplipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins on the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer

Carbohydrates attached to proteins or lipids on the extracellular side of the membrane

Cholesterol tucked between the hydrophobic tails of the membrane phospholipids

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles

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16
Q

Describe cytosol

A 
• A viscous, syrup-like fluid containing many different dissolved
substances such as:
• Ions
• Nutrients
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Amino acids
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17
Q

Describe inclusions

A

Large storage aggregates of complex molecules found in the
cytosol
Examples: melanin, glyocgen

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18
Q

Describe organelles

A

Little organs
• A type of division of labor
• The type and number of organelles within a cell is a reflection of the cell’s
function

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19
Q

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum

A

• A network of intracellular

membrane-bound tunnels

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20
Q

Structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

• Walls appear rough due to attachment of ribosomes on outside of the RER membrane

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21
Q

Structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Walls have a smooth appearance (no ribosomes!)

• Continuous with RER

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22
Q

Structure of Golgi apparatus

A

• Stacked cisternae whose lateral edges bulge, pinch off, and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles

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23
Q

Structure of lysosomes

A

Lysosomes are vesicles generated

by the Golgi apparatus

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24
Q

Structure of peroxisomes

A

Vesicles smaller than lysosomes

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25
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

• Bean-shaped organelles with double membrane

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26
Q

Structure of ribosomes

A

Comprised of a large and small

subunit

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27
Q

Structure of centrosome

A

a pair of centrioles at right angles to

each other

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28
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

nine sets of microtubule triplets

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29
Q

Structure of cilia

A

Cell surface extensions that
contain microfilaments
capable of movement

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30
Q

Structure of flagella

A

often single extension that
contain microfilaments
capable of movement

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31
Q

Structure of microvilli

A

‘finger-like’ extensions of the

cell surface. Non-motile

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32
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A 
functions to synthesise, transport, or store proteins
for:
• Secretion by the cell
• Incorporation into the plasma membrane
• Creation of lysosomes
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33
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Functions include:
  • Synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids including steroid hormones
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates
  • Detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons
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34
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

• Function to receive proteins and lipids from the RER for modification, sorting, and
packaging

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35
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes used to digest
(breakdown) and remove waste
products and damaged organelles
within the cell (autophagy)

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36
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

• Use O2 and an enzyme
(catalase) to detoxify harmful
molecules taken into the cell

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37
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Function to produce a high energy containing molecule called ATP on the cristae

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38
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

• Responsible for protein synthesis

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39
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

• Provides the structural
component of the cell

• Helps moves organelles and
materials through the cell

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40
Q

Function of centrosome and centrioles

A

involved in organizing
microtubules

• attached to chromosomes during
cell division causing chromosomal
migration

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41
Q

Function of cilia

A

to move phlegm and other

substances

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42
Q

Function of flagella

A

to propel/move cells

43
Q

Function of microvilli

A

to increase surface area

44
Q

Describe contents of the nucleus

A

• Contains DNA
• Control centre for cellular activity
Chromatin coils to form chromosomes
DNA unwound into chromatin

45
Q

Functions of the nucleus

A

Houses genetic material which directs all cellular activities and regulates cellular structure

Produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes

46
Q

List the four major tissue types in the body

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
47
Q

Examples of • epithelial tissue

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified

48
Q

Examples of • connective tissue

A

adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph

49
Q

Examples of • muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

50
Q

Examples of • nervous tissue

A

Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves

51
Q

Structure of simple squamous epithelium

A

• Single layer of flat cells

52
Q

Structure of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

• Single layer of cube-shaped cells

53
Q

Structure of simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

A

Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

54
Q

Structure of Simple columnar ciliated epithelium

A

Some epithelial cells possess cilia on
their apical surface (respiratory and
reproductive systems

55
Q

Structure of Stratified squamous epithelium

A

• Multiple layers of flattened cells

56
Q

Structure of Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cube-shaped cells

57
Q

Structure of Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells that

are taller than they are wide

58
Q

Structure of Pseudostratified Columnar

Epithelium

A

• Single layer of columnar epithelial cells but layered appearance of nuclei suggest
multiple layers of cells

59
Q

Structure of transitional epithelium

A

• Found lining the inside of the urinary bladder

60
Q

Describe squamous epithelium

A

Squamous epithelial cells are flat and sheet-like in appearance.

61
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelium

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells are cube-like in appearance, meaning they have equal width, height and depth.

62
Q

Describe columnar epithelium

A

Columnar epithelial cells are column-like in appearance, meaning they are taller than they are wide.

63
Q

Describe simple epithelium

A

A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.

64
Q

Describe stratified epithelium

A

A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.

65
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelium

A

A pseudostratified epithelium is made up of closely packed cells that appear to be arranged in layers because they’re different sizes, but there’s actually just one layer of cells.

66
Q

Functions of epithelia tissue

A

Physical protection
• Selective permeability
Secretions
Sensations

67
Q

Explain physical protection

A

from dehydration and abrasion; and

physical, chemical, and biological agents

68
Q

Explain selective permeability

A

–regulates the passage of certain

molecules in or out of a certain region of the body

69
Q

Explain secretions

A

some epithelial cells called exocrine cells

produce secretions such as sweat or oil

70
Q

Explain sensations

A

–possess nerve endings that can detect light,

taste, sound, smell, and hearing

71
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found

A

lines blood vessels and body cavities

72
Q

Where is Simple cuboidal epithelium found

A

found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.

73
Q

Where is Simple columnar epithelium found

A

line your stomach and intestines.

74
Q

Where is Stratified squamous epithelium found

A

Lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

75
Q

Where is Stratified cuboidal epithelium found

A

found in the excretory ducts of your salivary and sweat glands.

76
Q

Where is Stratified columnar epithelium found

A

lining your eyelids

77
Q

Where is Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found

A

lines your upper respiratory tract

78
Q

Structure of connective tissue

A 
Ground substance
Protein fibres(elastic fibres, collagen fibres, reticular fibres)
Mesenchymal cell
Blood vessel
Macrophage
Adipocyte
Fibroblast
79
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • Physical protection
  • Support and structural framework
  • Binding of structures
  • Storage
  • Transport
  • Immune protection
80
Q

3 Classification of connective tissue

A

CT proper
• Supporting CT
• Fluid CT

81
Q

Connective tissue proper 2 different categories

A

Loose CT

Dense CT

82
Q

Loose CT

A

has fewer protein fibres and more ground

substance

83
Q

Dense CT

A

has more protein fibres and less ground

substance

84
Q

3 different types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

85
Q

3 different types of dense connective tissue

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

86
Q

Supporting connective tissue 2 different categories

A

Cartilage(Semisolid matrix)

Bone(Solid matrix)

87
Q

3 different types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

88
Q

3 different types of bone

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

89
Q

Fluid connective tissue components

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

90
Q

Describe plasma

A

a watery ground substance containing protein fibres

91
Q

Describe Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

92
Q

Describe Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

93
Q

Describe Platelets

A

fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

94
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found

A

surrounding kidney
Stroma of spleen
Surround nerves

95
Q

Where is dense connective tissue found

A

Tendons and ligaments
Dermis
Walls of large arteries

96
Q

Structure of mucous membrane

A

line the body cavities and hollow passageways that open to the external environment, and include the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts

97
Q

Structure of serous membranes

A

is an epithelial membrane composed of mesodermally derived epithelium called the mesothelium that is supported by connective tissue

98
Q

Structure of cutaneous membranes

A

a stratified squamous epithelial membrane resting on top of connective tissue

99
Q

Structure of synovial membranes

A

composed of well-vascularised areolar, fibrous or adipose connective
tissue

100
Q

Function of mucous membranes

A

to protect the body from harmful external agents

101
Q

Function of serous membranes

A

secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from movements

102
Q

Function of cutaneous membranes

A

protects body from external environment and prevents water loss

103
Q

Function of synovial membranes

A

secretes Synovial fluid - reduces joint friction & provides nutrients to the
joint surfaces

BMS101 (8 decks)

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