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Cells to systems > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What consist of extracellular fluid

A

Plasma in the blood vessels and interstitial fluid Between lymphatic capillary and the blood capillary

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2
Q

What is the intracellular fluid

A

It’s is the fluid within the calls

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3
Q

What is the interstitium

A

Gel like fluid between the capillary and tissue

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4
Q

What is supporting the interstitium

A

Supported by collagen fibre and proteoglycan filaments (made of hyaluronic acid and protein that form a mat of fine filament)

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5
Q

What fast is the diffusion between the gel in the interstitium

A

95% - 99%

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6
Q

How much free fluid are found in vesicles and revulets

A

1%

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7
Q

What makes up the interstitium

A

Free fluid vesicles, revulets of the free fluid, proteoglycan filaments, collagen fibre bundles

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8
Q

How much volume does the interstitium occupy in a body

A

1/6

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9
Q

What is the weight of the total body water(TBW)

A

60%

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10
Q

How much water are in the extracellular

A

1/3 of TBW

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11
Q

What are the extracellular parts

A

Plasma, interstitial fluid

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12
Q

How does water travel to the intracellular fluid

A

From plasma > capillary > interstitial fluid > cell membrane > intercellular fluid

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13
Q

How much water from the extracellular are in the interstitial

A

3/4

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14
Q

How much water from the extracellular are in the intravascular

A

1/4

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15
Q

What does the body of water transport

A

Water, solutes, nutrients and gases

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16
Q

How does the body of water transport one place to another

A

Diffusion and osmosis driven hydrostatic and oncotic

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17
Q

How much of the Total body water (TBW) are in the intracellular

A

2/3

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18
Q

How much water is loss for human per day

A

<5%

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19
Q

How much water is lost when there is dry mucous membranes

A

5%

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20
Q

When do you start to have reduced skin turgor

A

6-8%

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21
Q

When does your heart rate start to increase due to the lack of water

A

8-10%

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22
Q

What affects diffusion

A

Uncharged solute and charged solute

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23
Q

How does uncharged solute affect rate of diffusion

A

It is affected by the concentration gradient difference

Net diffusion = flux or flow (J)

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24
Q

How does charged solute affect rate of diffusion

A

Diffusion accelerates when different charge are on each side. Reduced when they have the same charge

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25
Q

What does osmosis mean

A

A form of diffusion when water flow across a membrane that is permeable to water but no to solutes

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26
Q

What is the Fick’s Law expressed as

A

Surface area of the membrane * difference in concentration across membrane/length of the diffusion path

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27
Q

What does oncotic or colloid pressure mean?

A

Osmotic pressure generated by large molecules such as plasma proteins which cannot pass across the membrane

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28
Q

How does water molecule pass through calls

A

Passes through lipid belayer of cell membrane, also passes through channels (aquaporins) in cell membrane

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29
Q

What does water ’follows salt’ mean

A

It means that water will flow through the permeable membrane towards the side with salt because the concentration of water will be lesser there due to the salt

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30
Q

Which ion have higher concentration in the intracellular fluid compared to the blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

[K+] have higher concentration, 120 - 140 mM compared to 4.7mM

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31
Q

Which ion have higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid

A

[Na+], 153mM compared to 10-15 mM

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32
Q

What is the difference in osmalality for extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

A

The same, 290mOsm/kg

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33
Q

What is Mole

A

Unit of mass of 6.022 x 10^23 atoms of molecules

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34
Q

What is molarity

A

Molarity is the concentration of a solute or solvent within the mixture/ solution.

Concentration (g/L)/molecular weight

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35
Q

What is the physiological saline concentration

A

9 g/L

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36
Q

What is molality

A

Mole of solute(no. Of particles)/ Kg solvent

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37
Q

What is the molality of physiological saline

A

0.15moles/1kg or 0.15 molal

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38
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Osmotic concentration

Concentration of particles/L in solution and is independent of the size or weight of the particles.

= no. Of particles(or mole) x concentration /L (Osm/L)

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39
Q

What is osmalality

A

Concentration of particles/kg (Osm/kg)

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40
Q

Where is osmolarity approximates Osmolality

A

When the solution are diluted: mOsm/L ~ mOsm/Kg

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41
Q

What is the concentration of NaCl in the red blood cells

A

0.9%

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42
Q

What is tonicity

A

Measures the osmotic pressure gradient

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43
Q

What are the different ways to describe its tonicity

A

Isotonic, Hypertonic and hypotonic

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44
Q

What does Isotonic mean

A

The concentration of solution on both side of the membrane is equal and no water movement occur

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45
Q

What is haemorrhage tonicity

A

Isotonic

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46
Q

What is hypertonic compartment or solution

A

When the osmotic pressure of the solution outside the cells s higher than the osmotic pressure inside the cells , the solution is hypertonic

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47
Q

What does hypotonic compartment affect cells

A

Net movement of water out of cell and cell shrinks cremates, happens when there are loss of fluid through vomiting and diarrhoea

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48
Q

What is hypotonic compartment or solution

A

When the solution outside of the cells has a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of the cells, the solution is hypotonic with respect to the cells

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49
Q

What happen to cells when affected by hypotonic compartment

A

Water moves into cell & cell expands

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50
Q

What is an example of hypotonic

A

Haomolysis

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51
Q

What makes up the circulatory system

A

Heart, arterial system, venous system, lymphatic system

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52
Q

What is the role of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle contracts to pump blood around the body

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53
Q

What is the role of the arterial system

A

Distributes blood from the heart to the capillaries

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54
Q

What is the role of the venous system

A

Acts as a reservoir for blood and returns blood to the heart

55
Q

What is the role of lymphatic system

A

Returns proteins and fluids back to blood

56
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system

A
  1. Exchange of substances with environment
  2. Transport of substrates and
    O2 to cells
  3. Remove all of metabolites and CO2 from cells
  4. Themoregulation
  5. Immune cells and mediators
57
Q

What is the function of Aorta

A

25mm, pulse dampening and distribution

58
Q

Function of Large arteries

A

1.0 - 4.0mm, distribution of arterial blood

59
Q

Function of Small arteries

A

0.2 - 1.0mm, distribution and resistance

60
Q

Function of Arterioles

A

0.01 - 0.2mm, resistance (pressure & flow regulation)

61
Q

Function of capillaries

A

0.006 - 0.010m exchange

62
Q

Function of venules

A

0.01 - 0.20mm, Exchange, collection and capacitance

63
Q

Function of veins

A

0.2 - 5.0mm, Capacitance function (blood volume)

64
Q

Function of Vena Cava

A

35mm, collection of venous blood

65
Q

Which blood vessels have the ability for capacitance?

A

Veins, venule and vena cava

66
Q

What is the capillaries wall made of

A

A single single layer squamous endothelial cell (~2um thick)

67
Q

How far are capillaries away from every cell in body

A

30 - 100 um distance

68
Q

What is the function of precapillary sphincters

A

Controls blood flow to capillary bed

69
Q

What Metarteriole is

A

It connects arteries to capillaries

70
Q

What tissues have the highest density

A

Muscles and glands

71
Q

What tissues have the lowest density

A

Subcutaneous and cartilage tissue

72
Q

What are the types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal (discontinuous capillary), nonbrain systemic capillary and brain capillary

73
Q

Where are continuous capillary located

A

Muscle, skin, lung, fat, connective tissue

74
Q

What are the characteristics of continuous capillary

A

Contain narrow junctions (clefts) & small, coated pits (caveolae) allowing hydrophilic molecules to pass

75
Q

Where are fenestrated capillary located

A

Kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands, joints

76
Q

What are the features of fenestrated capillary

A

Contain pores and fenestrae - permeable to small molecules

77
Q

What structures are there in the continuous capillary

A

Basement membrane, intercellular junction, coated pits, vehicle, endothelial cell

78
Q

What structures are in the fenestrated capillary

A

Fenestrae, thin diaphram covering fenestra, endothelial cell, basement membrane

79
Q

What are the structures in the sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillary

A

Large fenestration, gaps

80
Q

Where are discontinuous capillary located

A

Bone marrow, liver, spleen

81
Q

What are the features of discontinuous capillary

A

Wide gaps between endothelial cells - permeable to large molecules

82
Q

What are the features of neural capillary

A

Endothelial cells fused together by tight junction and covered by thick basement membrane and astrocyte processes. Water diffuses, solutes require specific transport

83
Q

Where are the neural capillary located

A

Brain

84
Q

What is hydrostatic force

A

Pressure due to the fluid in vessels

85
Q

What types of vessels

A

Closed vessel with distensible walls, leaky vessels

86
Q

What is closed with distensible walls

A

The walls bulge when the pressure is high, in the aorta, the smooth muscle and connective tissue dampen the pulses generated by the beart

87
Q

What is a leaky vessel

A

Fluid forced through gaps faster than diffusion, in capillaries- hydrostatic pressure drives bulk flow

88
Q

What are the types of movement of substances across capillary walls

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Transcytosis or pinocytosis
  3. Bulk flow via starling’s forces - driving force
89
Q

How does substance diffuse across capillary walls

A
  • Between cells
  • pores or channels (aquaporin), clefts ,fenestration
  • lipid soluble molecules can cross endothelial cell membranes
90
Q

How does transcytosis or pinocytosis move substance across capillary walls

A

Movement of macromolecules across cells in vesicles

91
Q

how does bulk flow via starling’s force - driving force move substance across the capillary wall

A
  • Bulk flow of fluid through water filled channels in capillary wall
  • fluid transfer of water and dissolved substances across capillaries depends on net hydrostatic and osmotic
92
Q

How does starling’s forces work

A

It moves the blood by hydrostatic pressure differences, reabsorption driven by colloid/ oncotic osmotic pressure differences

93
Q

Why does capillary have higher colloid or oncotic osmotic pressure

A

Proteins cannot diffuse across capillary walls and remain higher in plasma than interstitial fluid producing a colloid or oncotic osmotic pressure for fluid reabsoprtion.

94
Q

What is the Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

Is the difference between forces driving fluid from the capillary to interstitial fluid and forces driving fluid from interstitial fluid in the capillary

95
Q

What pressure are present in the capillary

A

Capillary pressure (Pc), interstitial fluid pressure (Pif), plasma colloid osmotic pressure (πp) and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (πif)

96
Q

What is the formula of NFP

A

NFP = (Pc + πif) - (Pif + πp)

97
Q

What does filtration in the blood vessels mean

A

Filtration refers to the output of the fluid from the capillary to the interstitium

98
Q

What does absorption mean in the blood vessels

A

It mean absorbing of the fluid from the interstitium back to the capillary

99
Q

Where does filtration happen the greatest in?

A

At the arterial end of the capillary

100
Q

How much fluid are reabsorbed at the venous ends of the capillaries?

A

90%

101
Q

What happens when there is a scratch on the skin

A
  • physical damage of the surrounding cells
  • histamine release from cells
  • capillary and arterioles dilation (vasodilation)
  • local plasma protein leakage
  • reduction in oncotic reabsorption pressure
  • local oedema
102
Q

Where does the remaining of the 10% fluid that’s not absorbed go?

A

It is taken up via the lymphatics and returned to the cardiovascular system

103
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A

Act as a tissue drainage system and is responsible for returning excess interstitial fluid back to the venous circulation

104
Q

What are the 4 things the lymphatic system do

A
  1. Controls blood & interstitial fluid volume
  2. Specific transport systems
  3. Turnover of extracellular matrix constituent
  4. Defence system
105
Q

How does the lymphatic system control blood & interstitial fluid volume

A
  • return excess filtered fluid to blood
  • return of leaked protein to blood. (-amount equal to total plasma protein
  • Failure can lead to oedema)
106
Q

What specific transport system does lymphatic system have

A

Absorption of fat from gut.

Also lipid soluble, vitamins eg A, D, E & K

107
Q

What turnover of extracellular matrix constituents

A

Hyoluronan & glysosaminoglycans

108
Q

How does the lymphatic system help to defend the body

A
  • Immune surveillance

- Lymphocyte recirculation

109
Q

Where does the lymphatic system collect tissue from

A

Most organs except the central nervous system, eye and bone

110
Q

What is the lymphatic system made of

A

Lined by endothelial cells

111
Q

What is the starting point of the lymphatic system

A

Endothelial tubes called initial lymphatics in interstitium

112
Q

What happens after the starting point (initial lymphatics)

A

Becomes larger collecting lymphatics

113
Q

Where are the lymph nodes located along

A

Along the path of the collecting lymphatics

114
Q

How does the lymphatic system end

A

Large lymphatics will ultimately drain into the venou system

115
Q

Is the pressure in the initial lymphatics high

A

No, very low

116
Q

Where does the initial lymphatics collect the fluid

A

Interstitium

117
Q

How does initial lymphatics control their valve

A

It depends on extrinsic tissue which Open and close the inlet valve by skeletal muscle contraction. And also intrinsic smooth muscle contractions

118
Q

What is the extrinsic lymphatic pump

A

Extrinsic tissue deformation of initial lymphatics to open and close lymphatics.
Massage lymph downstream into collecting ducts.
Tissue stresses need to be applied

119
Q

What is intrinsic lymphatic pump

A

Rhythmic contraction of the lymphatic smooth muscle propels lymph downstream.
The presence of bicuspid valves in the collecting ducts prevent backward flow when the collecting lymphatic is contracting

120
Q

What does it mean by ‘lymph sucks’

A

Collecting lymphatic segments with an upstream and a downstream valve and intrinsic smooth muscle to compress the lymphatic lumen are known as lymphangions.
Believed to be important in sucking fluid out of initial lymphatics

121
Q

Does lymph pass through 1 or more lymph node

A

Yes, before returning to blood by the thoracic duct (large) or the right lymphatic duct (smalle)

122
Q

What is the role of the thoracic lymph node

A

Lymph from the rest of the body enters blood at the junction of the left interval jugular and subclavian veins

123
Q

What is the role of the right lymphatic duct

A

Lymph from right side of head and neck, right forelimb and part of the thorax enters blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins.

124
Q

How does lymphatic system respond to infection

A

Response result from the entry of infectious microorganisms through breaches in skin or mucous membranes

125
Q

Where will the antigen be at the lymph node`

A

Antigen will be taken to draining lymph node via afferent lymphatic

126
Q

What happens to the antigen in the lymph node?

A

either free in lymph or after phagocytosis by macrophages and dentritic

127
Q

Where does immune response takes place

A

in lymph node

128
Q

What is efferent lymphatic system

A

It carries lymph to another lymph node or return to the vein

129
Q

what is Efferent lymphatic system for

A

distributes effector cells and antibodies and memory lymphocytes throughout body

130
Q

What is Oedema

A

swelling of tissues due to excess fluid

131
Q

What is the general cause for oedema

A

decrease plasma protein
increased capillary permeability
increased venous pressure

132
Q

What is lymphoedema

A
  • lymphatic system not working properly
  • lack of skeletal muscle contraction
  • blocked or damaged lymphatics
  • blocked or damaged lymph nodes
133
Q

What is the cause of lymphoedema

A

primary lack of lymphatic vessels

-blocked or damaged lymphatic vessels

Cells to systems (25 decks)

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