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Cells to systems > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles

A
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle

A 
• Walls of most viscera,
blood vessels and skin
• Not under conscious control
• Autonomic
• Not striated
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • Wall of heart
  • Not under conscious control
  • Autonomic
  • Striated
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • Usually attached to bones
  • Under conscious control
  • Somatic
  • Striated
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5
Q

what are the two broad types of smooth muscle

A
  1. Multiunit

2. Visceral

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6
Q

What is an multiunit type smooth muscle

A 
– represents functionally independent
smooth muscle cells which are often
innervated by a single nerve terminal and
which never contract spontaneously (e.g.
smooth muscle in the walls of blood
vessels).
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7
Q

What are visceral type smooth muscles

A

– represents bundles of smooth muscle cells
connected by GAP junctions, which
contract spontaneously if stretched beyond
a certain limit (e.g. smooth muscle in the
walls of the intestines).

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8
Q

What are the Skeletal muscle consists of very long tubular cells,

A

muscle fibres

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9
Q

Is skeletal muscle fibres single nucleated

A

No, many peripherally placed nuclei

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10
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres usually prepared in

A

cross-striations

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11
Q

What are skeletal muscle innervated/supplied by

A

somatic nervous system

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12
Q

What is voluntary muscle

A

made up of skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What is the I-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

actin filaments

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14
Q

What is the A-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

myosin filaments which may overlap with

actin filaments

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15
Q

What is the H-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

zone of myosin filaments only (no overlap

with actin filaments) within the A-band

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16
Q

What is the Z-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

zone of apposition of actin filaments
belonging to two neighbouring sarcomeres
(mediated by a protein called alpha-actinin)

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17
Q

What is the M-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A
  • band of connections between myosin

filaments (mediated by proteins, e.g. myomesin, Mprotein).

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18
Q

Where does actin filaments of the last sarcomeres extend to

A

into cytoplasmic specialisations
associated with zonula
adherens-like membrane
specialisations.

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19
Q

What is type 1 of muscle fibre

A 
• Predominantly red muscle
cells.
• Comparatively thin and
contain large amounts of
myoglobin and mitochondria.
• myosin with low ATPase
activity
• Contraction is slow and
sustained. e.g. in the control
of posture.
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20
Q

Is type one muscle fibre contraction fast

A

no

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21
Q

What is type II muscle fibre

A 
• Predominantly found in white
muscles
• Thicker and contain less
myoglobin.
• ATPase activity of the
myosin isoform in white
fibres is high, and
contraction is fast.
• Type IIA fibres (red). Type
IIB/IIX fibres (white) contain
only few mitochondria.
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22
Q

What is type II muscle fibre predominantly found in

A

white muscles

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23
Q

Is contraction of type II muscle fibres fast

A

yes

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24
Q

Is myoglobin abundant in type II muscle fibre

A

no

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25
Q

Is type I or type II muscle fibre thicker

A

type II

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26
Q

What are muscle spindles

A

are sensory
specialization of the
muscular tissue.

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27
Q

What is musle spindle made of

A 
A number of small
specialised intrafusal muscle
fibres (nuclear bag fibres
and nuclear chain fibres) are
surrounded by a capsule of
connective tissue.
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28
Q

What happen to the muscle spindle when the muscle is stretched

A 
muscle spindle are
stretched, sensory nerves
are stimulated, and a change
in contraction of the muscle
is perceived.
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29
Q

What muscle cell does Cardiac muscle, the myocardium consist of

A

consists of muscle cells,

cardiomyocytes, with one centrally placed nucleus.

30
Q

Where is the nuclei of cardiomyocyte located

A

Nuclei are oval, rather pale and located centrally in the muscle
cell which is 10 - 15 µm wide.

31
Q

What does cardiac muscle cell exhibit

A

cross-striation

32
Q

How is cardiac muscle cell excitation mediated

A

by rhythmically

active modified cardiac muscle cells

33
Q

Why cardiac muscle called involuntary

striated muscle.

A

Cardiac muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system,
which adjusts the force generated by the muscle cells and the
frequency of the heart beat

34
Q

What is the last Z-line of myofibrils replaced with in the cardiac muscles

A

the last Z-line of the myofibril
within the cell is “replaced” by the intercalated disk of
the cell membrane). Extensive GAP junctions.

35
Q

What is Fascia adherens

A

– Anchor actin to nearest sarcomere

36
Q

What is macula adherens

A

– desmosome

– Stop separation during contraction

37
Q

What is Gap junction for

A

– Allow action potentials to spread between

cells

38
Q

What is purkinje fibres for

A

• Conduct stimuli faster than
ordinary cardiac muscle cells
(2-3 m/s vs. 0.6 m/s).

39
Q

Where are purkinje fibres located

A 
A bundle of Purkinje fibres
extends from the
atrioventricular node, pierces
the fibrous body, divides into
left and right bundles, and
travels, beneath the
endocardium, towards the tip
(apex) of the heart.
40
Q

Are purkinje fibres thicker than ordinary cardiac muscle cells

A

yes

41
Q

Are nervous tissue anatomically divided and how

A

Anatomically divided
– central nervous system
– peripheral nervous
system

42
Q

Where is the central nervous system

A

• Brain and spinal

cord

43
Q

What are the two major classes of central nervous cells

A

Two major classes
of cells
– Neurones
– glia

44
Q

What is the shape on neurones

A 
– Long processes
extending from cell
body (perikaryon)
– Dendrites receptive
surface
– Axons one per cell
– Emerge from axon
hillock
– Transmitting proces
45
Q

How many axon does each neurones have

A

one

46
Q

What is the shape of Astrocytes (astroglia)

A

Astrocytes (astroglia)

– Star shaped cells

47
Q

Where does Astrocytes (astroglia) process contact often with

A

Processes often in
contact with blood
vessels

48
Q

What is the role of Astrocytes (astroglia)

A

– Mechanical and
metabolic support
– Scar forming cells of
CNS

49
Q

What are the types of Glia

A
  • Astrocytes (astroglia)
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
50
Q

What is the characteristics of oligodendrocytes

A 
– Form myelin sheath
around axons in
CNS
– May surround
several axons
51
Q

What is the Characteristics of microglia

A

– Same derivation as
monocytes
– Tissue damage they
become phagocytic

52
Q

What is the characteristics of epindymal cells

A 
– Line ventricles of
brain and central
canal of spinal cord
– Often ciliated
– Simple cuboidal or
low columnar
53
Q

How are Epedymal cells organized

A

– Simple cuboidal or

low columnar

54
Q

What are all the nervous tissue outside brain

A 
• It consists of groups of
neurones (ganglion
cells), called ganglia,
feltworks of nerve
fibres, called plexuses,
and bundles of parallel
nerve fibres that form
the nerves and nerve
roots.
55
Q 
What are Nerve fibres, which originate
from neurones within the
CNS and pass out of the
CNS in cranial and spinal
nerves called
A

efferent or

motor fibers.

56
Q 
What are Nerve fibres which originate
from nerve cells outside the
CNS but enter the CNS by
way of the cranial or spinal
nerves called
A

afferent or

sensory nerve fibres.

57
Q

What is a schwann cell

A

Nerve fibre. Axon and its

nerve sheath.

58
Q

What is the structure that schwann cells forms

A 
Schwann cells form a sheath
around one axon and
surround this axon with
several double layers (up to
hundreds) of cell membrane.
59
Q

What is the reason for the structure of the schwann cells

A

Insulates the axon,
improves its ability to
conduct.

60
Q

What is ganglia

A

aggregations of nerve
cells (ganglion cells)
outside the CNS

61
Q

What are ganglion cells surrounded by

A

a
layer of flattened
satellite cells

62
Q

What many nucleus does smooth muscle have

A

1

63
Q

Why does M band not shrink

A

full of protein, which is why its darker

64
Q

What is muscle-tendon junction

A

position where muscle are tethered to a tendon or bone

65
Q

How many nerve are connected to muscle fibre

A

1 at a neuromuscular junction

66
Q

does Type
IIB/IIX fibres (white) contain
few mitochondria.

A

yes

67
Q

What does intercalated dics tell you

A

its a cardiac muscle cell

68
Q

What are neurones usually stained as

A

very light bodies, except when in H&E

69
Q

What can Scar forming cells of

CNS cause

A

blocking signal transfer, may cause spinal cord injury

70
Q

Where are oligodendrocyte found in forming a myelin sheath around axons

A

in the central nervous system

71
Q

Where are schwann cells found in forming a sheath around axons

A

peripheral nervous system

72
Q

Why are the axon insulated

A

prevent leakage of information

Cells to systems (25 decks)

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