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Cells to systems > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other

A

using synapses

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2
Q

What are the synapses

A

chemical synapse

Electrical synapse

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3
Q

How does chemical synapse work

A

The action potential in the presynaptic terminalcauses the creation off synaptic vesicle containing neurotransmitter then then released to the postsynaptic terminal of another neuron

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4
Q

how does electrical synapse communicate

A

The neurons and linked using gap junction channels and when there is a action potential, the signal will go through the gap junction channel and cause a coupling potential

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5
Q

What receptor are on the chemical synapse

A

ionotropic recepter, metabotropic receptor

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6
Q

What are the classical neurotransmitter material

A 
• Acetylcholine
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• (noradrenaline)
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Serotonin
• Gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)
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7
Q

What are the neuropeptides

A 
• Vasoactive intestinal
peptide VIP
• Cholecystokinin,
Enkephalin
• Somatostatin, Enkephalin,
Neurotensin
• Enkephalin
• Substance P
• Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone
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8
Q

How does acetylcholine synapse work

A

Vesicle of acetycholine from pre-synaptic terminal will be released to the receptors of the post-synaptic cell. The released acetylcholine will broken down to choline using AChE, then enter the pre-synaptic terminal through a channel and convert back to acetylcholine using ChAT and acetyl-CoA

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9
Q

What is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

A cholinergic synapse

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10
Q

What are the receptors in the postsynaptic neuron of The neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

– Nicotinic

– Muscarinic

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11
Q

What is Muscarinic

A

• M1 decreases K+ permeability, drives membrane closer to
threshold (e.g. exocrine glands)
• M2 increases K+ permeability, drives membrane further from
threshold (e.g. Heart)

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12
Q

What is nicotinic receptor

A

increases Na+ permeability, drives membrane closer to threshold

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13
Q

What is the presynaptic attached to

A

the ending of the dentrite

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14
Q

What happens to the amplitude of the potential as it travels to the hillock axon

A

gradually reduce like a graded potential,

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15
Q

How does axon hillock receive signal

A

Spatial Summation of two post-synaptic potentials from different synapses at the same time to
reach threshold

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16
Q

What kind of presynaptic inputs are attached to the post synaptic cell

A

Excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic input

17
Q

What is Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) for

A

release positive potential into the receptors, bring it closer to the threshold

18
Q

What is Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

IPSPs

A

Releases negative potential into the receptor, ions like choride ions, bring it further away from threshold

19
Q

What are the types of intergration of summation

A

a) no summation
b) temporal summation
c) spatial summation
d) EPSP - IPSP cancellation

20
Q

What is temporal summmation

A

where the potential is caused by 2 signal from the same presynapse in quick succession

21
Q

What is spatial summation

A

where the potential is cause by 2 different signal from different synapse

22
Q

What is Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)

A 
• Binds to presynaptic
membrane and blocks the
release of inhibitory
neurotransmitters (GABA and
glycine).
23
Q

What happens when there is Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)

A 
• Binds to presynaptic
membrane and blocks the
release of inhibitory
neurotransmitters (GABA and
glycine).
• The excitatory signals in the
postsynaptic neurons are
unchecked
24
Q

What are the effects of Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)

A

• Uncontrolled muscle
contractions and spasm
• Lockjaw

25
Q

How is sensory nerve signal delivered to the nervous system

A

sensory nerve > lower motor neuron (LMN) > upper motor neuron (UMN)

26
Q

What causes the voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open at the synaptic knob

A

when an action potential is detected

27
Q

where does the neurotransmitter go

A

attached to the ligand channels

28
Q

What is the synaptic delay

A

0.5 to 1.0 msec

29
Q

What is the difference between graded potential and action potential

A

graded potential reduces over distance, there is no refractory period in graded potential

Cells to systems (25 decks)

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