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Cells to systems > Lecture 10 - function of white blood cells > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - function of white blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are leukocyte

A

cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders

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2
Q

What are leukocyte classified into

A

granulocytes and agranulocyte

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3
Q

What are granulocyte classified into

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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4
Q

What are agranulocyte classified into

A

lymphocyte and monocytes

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5
Q

What happens when there is an infection

A

the increase of neutrophils

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6
Q

What happens when there is a parasite infection

A

eosinophils increase

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7
Q

what is the lifespan of neutrophils

A

4 - 10h

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8
Q

What are the kill mechanism of neutrophil

A

They will detect for bacteria via receptors on the surface layer

3 ways to kill 
1. Phagocytic-phagolysosome
2. Secretory granules with antibacterial
products
3. NETs-core DNA element immobilize
bacteria
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9
Q

how to kill bacteria using Phagocytic-phagolysosome work

A

taken into the phagolysosome, release predominant lysis

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10
Q

how to kill bacteria using Secretory granules with antibacterial
products

A

they will have secretary granules that release toxic to kill the bacteria

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11
Q

how to kill bacteria using NETs-core DNA element immobilize

bacteria

A

excrete DNA items and capture the bacteria which then brought into the cell and phagocytose

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12
Q

What are inside the basophils

A

ã Contain coarse cytoplasmic granules
ã Histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid, hydrolytic enzymes,
chemotactic factors

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13
Q

What are the functions of basophil

A

ã Major role in allergic and inflammatory reactions
ã Surface receptors for IgE
ã Limited phagocytic and bactericidal activity
ã Predominant source of IL-4 and IL-13
in allergic disease

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophil

A

ã Contain coarse cytoplasmic granules
ã Major granule proteins: myelin basic protein
ã Life-span is 6-12h in blood & 2-3 days in tissues if
not stimulated

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15
Q

Eosinophil function

A

ã Major role in controlling parasitic infestation
ã Possible roles against bacterial and viral infections
ã Role in allergic responses

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16
Q

What is stored performed in cytoplasmic granules of eosinophil

A

major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein

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17
Q

What are the major lipid mediators produced on eosinophil activation

A

Leukotrienes C4, D4. E4

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18
Q

What are the cytokines produced on eosinophil activation

A

IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-10, RANTES. MIP

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19
Q

What does major lipids mediators in eosinophil do

A

prolonged brochoconstriction, mucus secretion, increased vascular permeability

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20
Q

Where are monocyte located

A

mostly in blood

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21
Q

What are the function of macrophage

A 
Macrophage function:
ã Highly phagocytic
• Ingest and kill microbes
• Clearance of damaged dying cells
ã Antigen presenting cells (APC) –
initiate immune response
ã Produce cytokines – signalling and
amplification of immune response
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22
Q

What is the function of dentritic cells

A 
ã Arise from monocyte dendritic
precursor
ã APC - activate T cells
ã Present in tissues that are in contact
with the external environment (skin,
intestines )
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23
Q

How do innate cells recognise

pathogens?

A

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) & pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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24
Q

How does PRRs work

A

expressed by cells of innate
immune system
• Present on macrophages, dendritic cells,
granulocytes, endothelial cells, mucosal epithelial
cells

25
Q

How does PAMPs work

A

Recognize unique microbial molecules
(PAMPs) shared by groups of related
microbes not found associated with
mammalian cells.

26
Q

What response does PRRs and PAMPs do

A

inducing innate immunity

27
Q

What differentiates a bacteria by leukocyte

A

By the bacteria outer layer, eg lipoprotein, flagellin tail

28
Q

What does PAMP usually detects

A

Bacteria

29
Q

What does PRR usually detects

A

microbes by binding to pathogen-associated moecular patterns (PAMP)

30
Q

What kind of receptors are there

A

membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

31
Q

What is an example How does innate cell kill a pathogen

A
  1. Recognize using PRR, binding to something like lipoprotein
  2. Result in the neutrophil activation
  3. phagocytose the pathogen
  4. enzymes like lysosomal enzyme in phagolysosomes or ROS and NO, can be killed using secretary granules as well
32
Q

where does B cells devrived from?

A

ã Derived from the bone marrow (or Bursa of Fabricius in birds, Ileal Peyer’s patches ruminants )

33
Q

What are B cells for

A

produce antibodies to attached to viruses, so macrophage can eat them or secretary glands. Against viruses scattered around, not infiltrated

34
Q

What are T cells for

A

mediated immunity

35
Q

Where do the T cells develop from?

A

Develop in the thymus & recognize

antigens via their T cell receptor (TCR)

36
Q

What are the 3 subsets of T cells?

A

§ CD4 “helper” (ab TCR)
§ CD8 “cytotoxic” (ab TCR)
§ gd TCR cells

37
Q

What are NK cells for

A

cytotoxic; cell-mediated, innate immune response

38
Q

How does NK cells kill pathogens

A

Kill adjacent cells by release of
cytotoxic granules and induction of
apoptosis

39
Q

What are the classes of lymphocyte

A
  • B lymphocyte
  • Helper T lymphocyte
  • Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte
  • Regulatory T lymphocyte
  • Natural killer (NK) cell
40
Q

What is the diversity of innate response

A

enormous

41
Q

What is the specificity of innate response

A

high

42
Q

What is the specificity of adaptive response

A

some specificity

43
Q

What is the diversity of adaptive response

A

some diversity

44
Q

What are the cells in

the adaptive side of the immune system

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

45
Q

What does Cytotoxic T cells do

A

attack cell/viruses that infiltrated

46
Q

What can activate helper T cell

A

best one is dentritic cell

47
Q

How does helper T cell work

A

the receptor (T cell receptor) bind to dentritic cell specific to it. Due to specific immune system

48
Q

What happens when helper T cell get activated?

A

It start proliferating and some subset of those copies differentiates into effector cell and memory helper T cell

49
Q

What is the use of memory helper T cell

A

it is produced to attack against similar viruses in the future

50
Q

What does activated effector T cell do

A

proliferate, release cytokines

51
Q

What does cytokines do

A

proteins, raising chemical alarm bells, enter cells and multiply the cell. cause cytotoxic

52
Q

What is autoimmune disease

A

happens when b cells random shuffling a antibody that actually attacks the naturally present cells in the body

53
Q

What can prevent autoimmune disease

A

To damage the body’s healthy cell, both helper T and B cell must have a specific antibody to attach to the cell. There is a very unlikely chance where both cell match the specificity of the body cell.

54
Q

What does MHCII do

A

it attached the macrophaged remnant from the outside of b cell to it and present itself on the membrane surface. Which then activate the helper T cell

55
Q

What is MHCI for

A

All cells with nucleus have it,

attaches proteins within cancerous cells and present itself of the membrane surface for cytotoxic T cell to recognize it

56
Q

What happen it Cytotoxic T cell detects a cancerous cell or infected cell

A

It will start to multiply into memory cell and effector cell(ones that latches on the cell)
release hormones like perforins, form gaps in the membrane, cause it to kill itself

57
Q

What is another work for effector B cell

A

plasma cell

58
Q

What does CD4 positive T cell do

A

CD4 receptor communicate with MHCII receptor most of the time. Normally callled a helper T cell. Alarm when activated

59
Q

What does CD8 positiveT-cell do

A

CD8 receptor communicates with MHCI most of the time. Normally called a cytotoxic T cell.

Cells to systems (25 decks)

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