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Neuro > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

hippocampus is found on the floor of?

A

the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

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2
Q

where are the two main sub systems of the limbic system located?

A
  • hippocampus (memory formation and learning)

- amygdala (emotion)

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3
Q

inputs to hippocampus

A
  1. parahippocampal gyrus (all sensory info)
  2. contralateral hippocampus
  3. amygdala
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4
Q

outputs from hippocampus

A
  1. mammillary bodies via fornix
  2. parahippocampal gyrus
  3. contralateral hippocampus
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5
Q

the papez circuit is important for?

A

memory formation

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6
Q

what type of memory requires the papez circuit (limbic system)

A

declarative memory

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7
Q

semantic vs episodic memory

A

semantic: facts
episodic: events (can turn into semantic memories)

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8
Q

learning, storage, and retrieval of skills and emotional responses

A

non declarative memory

- procedural and emotional

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9
Q

learning, storage, retrieval for facts, concepts and events

A

declarative memory

- semantic and episodic

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10
Q

procedural memory requires what brain regions?

A

basal ganglia, areas of the cortex and cerebellum

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11
Q

emotional memory requires what brain regions? (unconscious emotional responses)

A

amygdala

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12
Q

what type of memory (based on time) requires the papez circuit

A

intermediate - term memory (minutes to hours)

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13
Q

what are the 3 types of memory based on time and what brain structures do they use?

A
  • working memory: attention and avoiding other stimuli (prefrontal cortex)
  • intermediate term memory: requires motivation and attention, papez circuit structures
  • Long term memory: transferred to diffuse cortical areas
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14
Q

what type of memory is not lost if there is damage to the hippocampus

A

long term memory (retrograde)

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15
Q

bilateral destruction of hippocampus leads to _____ amnesia

A

anterograde (can still form non declarative memories)

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16
Q

retrograde amnesia is caused form damage to?

A

widespread cortical areas (cant remember already formed memories)

17
Q

where does the amygdala sit?

A

beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe

  • anterior end of hippocampus and horn of lateral ventricle
  • next to the tail of the caudate nucleus
18
Q

what are the input for amygdala (4)

A
  • processed info from cingulate, prefrontal and temporal cortex
  • direct from olfactory bulb
  • direct from hypothalamus and septal nuclei
  • from brain stem nuclei
19
Q

amygdala output

A
  • hypothalamus
  • septal nucleus and accumbens nucleus
  • MD nucleus of thalamus
  • parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus
20
Q

Influences drive-related behaviour; higher level control

over hypothalamus:

A

amygdala

21
Q

the limbic system influences the autonomic nervous system via?
therefore emotions can lead to?

A

the hypothalamus

  • amygdala talks to hypo which talks to ANS
  • viscera responses
22
Q

emotions can lead to visceral responses such as? (4)

A

changes i n

  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
  • endocrine response (adrenaline, sexual hormones)
  • salivation
23
Q

direct stimulation of the amygdala leads to?

A

a wide range of emotions

- fear is most common

24
Q

what are the 3 main subcortical structures involved in our motivation system?

A
  1. Accumbens nucleus (most anterior part of striatum)
  2. Seprtal Nuclei (located in basal forebrain inferior to corpus callosum)
  3. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in midbrain
25
Q

lesions to nucleus accumbens =

A

decreased motivation - no ability to anticipate a pleasurable reward

26
Q

function fo basal ganglia

A
  1. indirection control of muscle movements
    - enables movemetns
    - inhibits unintended movements
    - motor learning (linking movements into single motor program)
  2. roles in cognition and emotion
27
Q

disruption of basal ganglia leads to motor disorders

A
  • poverty and slowness of movement
  • involuntary movements
  • disturbances of muscle tone
28
Q

globus pallidus and putamen group together based on _____ – this is called?

A
  • group structurally

- Lentiform or lenticular nucleus

29
Q

putamen and caudate group together based on similar _____. this is called?

A
  • function

- striatum

30
Q

globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate all grouped =

A

corpus striatum

31
Q

in general, when there is damage to the BG we see porblems with ? (3)

A
  • initiating movement
  • muscle tone
  • involuntary movements
32
Q

disturbances of muscle tone seen with BG damage (depending where damage is) (3)

A
  • Rigidity: increased tone of both flexors and extensors
  • Dystonia: increased tone of some muscles leading to abnormal posture
  • Decreased tone
33
Q

hypokinetic disorders seen with BG damage (2)

A
  • Bradykinesia or hypokinesia: slow or reduced movements
  • Akinesia: loss of movement
  • -> not because of rigidity
34
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders seen from BG damage

A
  • Athetosis: slow writhing movements, mostly in hands and fingers
  • Ballismus: wild flailing of limbs
  • Hemiballismus: one side of body
  • chorea: jerky involuntary movements
35
Q

If someone has hemiballismus, where is the lesion?

A

lesion to contralateral subthalamic nucleus

36
Q

if someone had a resting tremor vs intention tremor where would you suspect damage?

A
  • intention tremor: cerebellum

- resting tremor: BG

37
Q

if someone had hypertonia would the damage be to BG or cerebellum?

A
  • BG (hypo and hyper)

cerebellum - hypotonia

38
Q

if someone is displaying incoordination of movements the damage would be where?

A

cerebellum

39
Q

what is Huntingtons disease characterized by?

A

Chorea: loss of control over voluntary movement

hyperkinetic disorder

Neuro (10 decks)

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