Lecture 7

Question 1

hippocampus is found on the floor of?

Answer 1

the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 2

where are the two main sub systems of the limbic system located?

Answer 2

• hippocampus (memory formation and learning)

- amygdala (emotion)

Question 3

inputs to hippocampus

Answer 3

1. parahippocampal gyrus (all sensory info)
2. contralateral hippocampus
3. amygdala

Question 4

outputs from hippocampus

Answer 4

1. mammillary bodies via fornix
2. parahippocampal gyrus
3. contralateral hippocampus

Question 5

the papez circuit is important for?

Answer 5

memory formation

Question 6

what type of memory requires the papez circuit (limbic system)

Answer 6

declarative memory

Question 7

semantic vs episodic memory

Answer 7

semantic: facts
episodic: events (can turn into semantic memories)

Question 8

learning, storage, and retrieval of skills and emotional responses

Answer 8

non declarative memory

- procedural and emotional

Question 9

learning, storage, retrieval for facts, concepts and events

Answer 9

declarative memory

- semantic and episodic

Question 10

procedural memory requires what brain regions?

Answer 10

basal ganglia, areas of the cortex and cerebellum

Question 11

emotional memory requires what brain regions? (unconscious emotional responses)

Answer 11

amygdala

Question 12

what type of memory (based on time) requires the papez circuit

Answer 12

intermediate - term memory (minutes to hours)

Question 13

what are the 3 types of memory based on time and what brain structures do they use?

Answer 13

• working memory: attention and avoiding other stimuli (prefrontal cortex)
• intermediate term memory: requires motivation and attention, papez circuit structures
• Long term memory: transferred to diffuse cortical areas

Question 14

what type of memory is not lost if there is damage to the hippocampus

Answer 14

long term memory (retrograde)

Question 15

bilateral destruction of hippocampus leads to _____ amnesia

Answer 15

anterograde (can still form non declarative memories)

Question 16

retrograde amnesia is caused form damage to?

Answer 16

widespread cortical areas (cant remember already formed memories)

Question 17

where does the amygdala sit?

Answer 17

beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe

• anterior end of hippocampus and horn of lateral ventricle
• next to the tail of the caudate nucleus

Question 18

what are the input for amygdala (4)

Answer 18

• processed info from cingulate, prefrontal and temporal cortex
• direct from olfactory bulb
• direct from hypothalamus and septal nuclei
• from brain stem nuclei

Question 19

amygdala output

Answer 19

• hypothalamus
• septal nucleus and accumbens nucleus
• MD nucleus of thalamus
• parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus

Question 20

Influences drive-related behaviour; higher level control

over hypothalamus:

Answer 20

amygdala

Question 21

the limbic system influences the autonomic nervous system via?
therefore emotions can lead to?

Answer 21

the hypothalamus

• amygdala talks to hypo which talks to ANS
• viscera responses

Question 22

emotions can lead to visceral responses such as? (4)

Answer 22

changes i n

• heart rate
• blood pressure
• endocrine response (adrenaline, sexual hormones)
• salivation

Question 23

direct stimulation of the amygdala leads to?

Answer 23

a wide range of emotions

- fear is most common

Question 24

what are the 3 main subcortical structures involved in our motivation system?

Answer 24

1. Accumbens nucleus (most anterior part of striatum)
2. Seprtal Nuclei (located in basal forebrain inferior to corpus callosum)
3. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in midbrain

Question 25

lesions to nucleus accumbens =

Answer 25

decreased motivation - no ability to anticipate a pleasurable reward

Question 26

function fo basal ganglia

Answer 26

1. indirection control of muscle movements - enables movemetns - inhibits unintended movements - motor learning (linking movements into single motor program) 2. roles in cognition and emotion

Question 27

disruption of basal ganglia leads to motor disorders

Answer 27

- poverty and slowness of movement - involuntary movements - disturbances of muscle tone

Question 28

globus pallidus and putamen group together based on _____ -- this is called?

Answer 28

- group structurally | - Lentiform or lenticular nucleus

Question 29

putamen and caudate group together based on similar _____. this is called?

Answer 29

- function | - striatum

Question 30

globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate all grouped =

Answer 30

corpus striatum

Question 31

in general, when there is damage to the BG we see porblems with ? (3)

Answer 31

- initiating movement - muscle tone - involuntary movements

Question 32

disturbances of muscle tone seen with BG damage (depending where damage is) (3)

Answer 32

- Rigidity: increased tone of both flexors and extensors - Dystonia: increased tone of some muscles leading to abnormal posture - Decreased tone

Question 33

hypokinetic disorders seen with BG damage (2)

Answer 33

- Bradykinesia or hypokinesia: slow or reduced movements - Akinesia: loss of movement - -> not because of rigidity

Question 34

Hyperkinetic disorders seen from BG damage

Answer 34

- Athetosis: slow writhing movements, mostly in hands and fingers - Ballismus: wild flailing of limbs - Hemiballismus: one side of body - chorea: jerky involuntary movements

Question 35

If someone has hemiballismus, where is the lesion?

Answer 35

lesion to contralateral subthalamic nucleus

Question 36

if someone had a resting tremor vs intention tremor where would you suspect damage?

Answer 36

- intention tremor: cerebellum | - resting tremor: BG

Question 37

if someone had hypertonia would the damage be to BG or cerebellum?

Answer 37

- BG (hypo and hyper) | cerebellum - hypotonia

Question 38

if someone is displaying incoordination of movements the damage would be where?

Answer 38

cerebellum

Question 39

what is Huntingtons disease characterized by?

Answer 39

Chorea: loss of control over voluntary movement | hyperkinetic disorder