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Neuro > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain stem includes what 3 structures in what order (superior to inferior)

A

mid brain, pons, medulla

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2
Q

All sensory information (except olfactory) passes through the what structure

A

thalamus

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3
Q

the thalamus forms part of the _____ system and ____ system

A

motor system and limbic system

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4
Q

the visceral control centre

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

basal ganglia consists of:

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

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6
Q

hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus belongs to what system and are responsible for what

A

limbic, formation of memories and emotions

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7
Q

most neurons in the CNS are what type

A

interneurons

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8
Q

grey matter=

white matter=

A
  • cell bodies (not covered by myelin)

- axons

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9
Q

what is similar and different between ganglion and nucleus

A

BOTH a group of cell bodies, but a nucleus is usually in the CNS, and a ganglion is usuallly outside the CNS

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10
Q

2 rules of which directions ions move

A
  1. move along the charge gradient (towards opposite charged side)
  2. along a concentration gradient (from an area of high concentration to low concentration)
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11
Q

information is coded in ______ of action potentials

A

frequency (all or none firing)

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12
Q

Can a post synaptic neuron receive multiple different types of neurotransmitters?

A

Generally, a single neuron will release only one type of neurotransmitter; however, many different neurons may make synapses with each post- synaptic neuron, and so it may receive different neurotransmitters from different presynaptic neurons

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13
Q

glutamate

A

the major excitatory transmitter in brain

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14
Q

GABA

A

the major inhibitory transmitter in brain

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15
Q

glycine

A

the major inhibitory transmitter in spinal cord

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16
Q

acetylcholine (2)

A
  • released as an excitatory transmitter at the neuromuscular junction and in the
    autonomic nervous system.
  • It acts as a neuromodulator in the CNS, which means that it doesn’t directly trigger action potentials in the downstream neurons, but acts to modulate the activity of other neurotransmitters.
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17
Q

acetylcholine systems are involved in not only neuromuscular but (2)

A

attention and motivation

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18
Q

serotonin

A

a neuromodulator that it is involved in multiple systems, including those controlling appetite, sleep, mood, and memory

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19
Q

dopamine

A

This neurotransmitter is found in neurons of the substantia nigra, and is lost in Parkinson disease. It is also found in the frontal lobe of the brain. Dopamine can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the type of post-synaptic receptor it binds to

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20
Q

what are the five types of glia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia, ependyma,

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21
Q

what do astrocytes do? (3)

A
  1. They give physical support and provide firmness and structure to the brain.
  2. They also take up excess neurotransmitter in the cleft to limit the spread and duration of neurotransmitter action, and recycle it
  3. They control the amount of blood flow in capillaries to a damaged area of the brain
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22
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

produce myelinsheaths that covers axons (have arms/ processes that wrap around axons– one oligodendrite can mylinate multiple axons)

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23
Q

why is there better recovery of axons after damage in the PNS then in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes do not promote growth of axons but inhibits it, whereas shcwann cells promote growth of axons.

24
Q

what do schwann cells do?

A

produce myelin sheaths in PNS (whole thing wraps around the axons–> can only myelinate one axon)

25
Q

what do microglia do?

A

the smallest glial cells, and they are mobilized after injury, disease or infection. They are phagocytes, and act to engulf cell remnants.
–> activate the immune system

26
Q

what do ependyma glia do?

A

line the cavities of the brain in a single layer, and have cilia which help CSF circulation.

27
Q

in MS what grows in the damaged area leading to a gliotic scar?

A

astrocytes

28
Q

in MS the myelin affected first is usually where in the body?

A

myelin degeneration usually starts in the optic nerve, brainstem, spinal cord or cerebellum, interfering with vision, movement, and/or sensation

29
Q

in neural development, what are the 3 layers of cells and what will they eventually form?

A
  1. Endoderm: lung lining, digestive tract, urethra and associated glands, and bladder
  2. Mesoderm: lungs, muscles, bones, heart, , reproductive and excretory systems
  3. Ectoderm: skin, nails, hair, and all parts of the NS
30
Q

cells that will form the nervous system split off from the rest of the ectoderm through a process called ______

A

neurulation

31
Q

at what level does the neural fold close first? and then the folds happens what direction? what does this leave?

A

cervical level first,
then rostral to caudal
- rostral (anterior) and caudal (posterior) neuropores.

32
Q

what day of development do the neuropores close?

A

26th day (posterior caudal pore), 24th day (anterior rostral pore)

33
Q

At the same time neural crest cells pinch off and migrate – these will form: (4)

A
  1. the dorsal root ganglia
  2. sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves
  3. autonomic ganglia
  4. parts of the head and neck
34
Q

Towards the end of the fourth week, the _____ end of neural tube bulges to form the future ____

A

rostral, brain

35
Q

at the end of the 4th week three bulges form at the rostral end of the neural tube, the 3 bulges are called ________

A

primary vesicles

36
Q

The forebrain (prosencephalon) becomes?
The mid brain (mesencephalon) becomes?
The hind brain (rhombencephalon) becomes?

A
  • cerebrum (diencephalon, cerebral cortex and subcortical structures)
  • midbrain and part of the brain stem
  • the rest of the brain stem and cerebellum
37
Q

when does spine growth start to outdistance the spinal cord ?

A

8 weeks

38
Q

when does the ventricular system become to form from the canal in the neural tube?

A

7-16 weeks.

39
Q

proliferation in 7-16 weeks happens from what cells?

A

progenitor cells

40
Q

at adulthood how far down does the spinal cord go?

A

second lumbar vertebrae (L2)

41
Q

when does cerebral folding occur?

A

12-20 weeks

42
Q

what are the cellular processes that underlie cerebral folding and the formation the lobes and C- shaped structures, gyri and sulci?

A
  • cell migration

- axonal pathfinding

43
Q

is myelination throughout the NS uniform?

A

no

44
Q

when does myelination start? and which direction does it proceed?

A

4 months utero, starts at cervical level proceeds downward to lumbo sacral level.

45
Q

why do babies have little motor control?

A

sensory fibers are mylelinated first and descending motor fibers are myelinated last.

46
Q

what are corticospinal fibers myelinated?

A

by 2 years (when a child start to walk)

47
Q

at birth little myelination has occurred, mainly fibers of the _____

A

basal ganglia (motor functions limited to reflexes, respiration, sucking)

48
Q

what is inbetween the two layers of dura matter and what do they do?

A

dural venuos sinuses: into which cerebral veins empty into

49
Q

what are dural reflections? and what do they do?

A

folds of dura matter that project into the space it he brain: provide mechanical support to the brain by restricting movement.

50
Q

what are the main 3 dural reflections?

A

falx cerebri- between the cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebelli- between the two cerebellum hemispheres
tentorium cerebrelli- between the cerebral hemispheres AND the cerebellum

51
Q

at the end of the spinal is what cistern called the _____ cistern. this cistern is made of what mater which encloses the area ?

A

Lumbar Cistern

Arachnoid mater

52
Q

what do arachnoid villi do?

A

protrude int othe dural venous sinus and are the sites of reabsorption of CSF into the venous system

53
Q

The pia mater of the spinal cord extends to form the _______ ________ which anchor the spinal cord to the dura and hold it in place in the vertebral column

A

denticulate ligaments

54
Q

At the inferior end of the spinal cord, another projection of the pia mater, the _____ ______, connects the end of the spinal cord to the inferior end of the vertebral canal.

A

filum terminale

55
Q

what are the causes of headaches

A
  1. pain receptors in the meninges or nasal sinuses
  2. from dilation of cerebral arteries
  3. Increased intracranial pressure from tumors
  4. toxic effects on meninges from alcohol
  5. meningitis
56
Q

what are the symptoms of meningitis?

A 
severe headaches
stiff neck
fever
confusion
drowsiness
57
Q

where is the inflammation in meningitis

A

subarachnoid space (effects pia and arachnoid mater)

Neuro (10 decks)

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