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Neuro > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

two main senses that sensory receptors serve:

A

touch and proprioception

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2
Q

3 types of muscle receptors and what they sense

A
  1. free nerve endings: muscle pain and act as chemoreceptors
  2. muscle spindles: muscle stretch
  3. golgi tendon organs: tensions generated by muscle contraction
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3
Q

what is the role of the GAMMA motor neuron innervation in a muscle spindle?

A
  • regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle
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4
Q

what is the role of somatosensory innervation in a muscle spindle?

A
  • carry info about the stretch to the posterior spinal cord
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5
Q

what is the epineurium and perineurium and endoneurium of a peripheral nerve?

A

epi: encapsulates the whole structure of the peripheral nerve
peri: encapsulates each bundle of fibers
endo: loose connective tissue encapsulates the individual fibers

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6
Q

the size of motor neuron differs based on?

A

the amount of motor control you need

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7
Q

most motor neurons innervate how many muscle fibers?

A

multiple

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8
Q

damage to a single nerve

A

mononeuropathy (ie, glycoma)

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9
Q

damage to more than one nerve

A

polyneuropathy (usually caused by a disease, ie diabetes)

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10
Q

damage affecting posterior or anterior nerve roots (at the level f the spinal cord)

A

radiculopathy (ie, herniated disc)

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11
Q

damage to one of the plexuses

A

plexopathy (ie, brachial plexus)

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12
Q

a decrease in sensory perception

A

hypoesthesia

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13
Q

an increase in sensory perception

A

hyperesthesia

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14
Q

the occurrence of unusual feelings, such as pins and needles

A

paresthesia

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15
Q

unpleasant sensation such as burning

A

dysesthesia

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16
Q

an intense burning pain

A

causalgia

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17
Q

a painful response to a normally innocuous stimulus

A

allodynia

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18
Q

an increased response to painful stimulus

A

hyperalgesia

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19
Q

compression to the nerve causes?

A

Neuropraxia: mild injury with recovery quite quickly
(axon and sheath still intact)
Causes neuronal dysfunction due to a decrease in blood flow to the nerve. causes parasthesia and sensory loss.

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20
Q

crush injury to nerve causes?

A

Axonotmesis: severe injury, regeneration 1mm/day, recovery is slow
(away from spinal cord/ distal is damaged but axon still intact)

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21
Q

cut of a nerve can cause?

A

neurotmesis: degeneration, neuroma formation
- both axon and sheath damaged, sheath no longer intact so the axon does not where to regrow —> leads to a branch on axon, painful
(can prevent this with surgery)

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22
Q

what are sites for compression syndromes?

A

brachial plexus and lumbar plexus (carpel tunnel - median nerve, and sciata- sciatic nerve)

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23
Q

why can peripheral nerves regenerate and nerves of the CNS cannot?

A

Schwann cells produce nerve growth factor
- regrow 1mm/day
CNS oligodendroctes do not

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24
Q

how is Guillain Barre syndrome different from MS

A

only affects peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

where does the the brachial plexus originate ?

where does the lumbar plexus originate?

A
  • C5 to T1

- L1 to L4

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26
Q

for complete loss of sensation to occur, grow many adjacent segments of the spinal cord would need to be damaged or disconnected from the brain

A

3 (due to all the overlap between nerves supplying dermotomes)

27
Q

network of nerves formed when bundles of nerve fibers branch and join other nerve fibers from neighbouring segments. This allows fibers to travel from one peripheral nerve and join other peripheral nerves

A

nerve plexus

28
Q

what does a motor unit consist of?

A

a single alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

29
Q

where is the epidural space

A

below L 5

30
Q

where do most ascending pathways cross the midline?

A

the the spinal cord or brainstem

31
Q

what are 3 ascending tracts in the spinal cord and what do they sense?

A
  1. Dorsal columns - touch, vibration, proprioception
  2. Spinothalamic tracts: pain and temperature, crude touch and pressure
  3. Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract- proprioception
32
Q

what does the medial lemniscus pathway carry?

A

discrimitive touch, proprioception, and vibration from the ipsilateral side of the body

33
Q

what does the spinothalamic pathway carry?

A

pain and temperature (lateral part), and crude touch and pressure (anterior part) from contralateral side of body

34
Q

what does the corticospinal tract carry?

A

voluntary motor control
(anterior tract = contralateral side or both sides, lateral tract= ipsilateral side)
Anterior= proximal and axial muscles more than distal
Lateral= distal muscles more than proximal

35
Q

what does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract carry?

A

carries proprioception from the legs to the cerebellum, unconscious proprioception from trunk and legs (ipsilateral)

36
Q

spinorecticular, spinotectal, spino-olivary and spinovestibular are all?

A

ascending tracts

37
Q

what are upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons?

A

upper: neurons have cell bodies in the brain and axons travel down the spinal cord
lower: cell bodies in the spinal cord and axons travel to muscles

38
Q

why are the dorsal and ventral roots progressively longer lower down on the spine

A

becuase the spinal cord only goes to inbetween the first and second lumbar vertebrae, so the roots (cauda equina) need to be longer lower so they can reach and exit the appropriate intervertebral foramina

39
Q

what is the lumbar cistern the site for?

A

spinal tap or lumbar puncture in which a needle is inserted through arachnoid and dura to withdrawal CSF or administer drug

40
Q

what is the spinal cord suspended in the dural tube by?

A

denticulate ligaments (pia mater)

41
Q

what is the main difference between the meninges of the spinal cord and the brain?

A

the spinal epidural space is a real space whereas the cranial epidural space is only present in pathological condition

42
Q

where do the neurons involved in reflexes lie in the spinal cord

A

posterior horn

43
Q

how are LMN’s arranged?

A

so that those that innervate axial muscles are medial to those that innervate limb muscles

44
Q

at what levels does the spinal cord intermediate gray contain the sacral parasympathetic nucleus?

A

S2 to S4

45
Q

what does the intermediate gray mater contain? and where is it?

A

the intermediolateral cell column (T1 to L2 or L3), a pointy lateral horn, which are the sympathetic autonomic neurons for the entire body

46
Q

what are the 3 main ascending tracts?

A
  1. dorsal columns (gracile and cuneate)
  2. spinothalamic
  3. dorsal spinocerebellar
47
Q

what is the somatotopic organization of the dorsal columns pathway

A

as the column ascend, fibers add on laterally, with the most medial fibers carrying information from the lower part of the body and the most lateral fibers carrying information from the upper parts of the body

48
Q

damage to the dorsal columns causes what?

A

ipsilateral sensation impairment from dermatomes supplied by nerves below level of the injury. loss of proprioception which results in sensory ataxia

49
Q

sensory ataxia is caused from damage to what tract?

A

dorsal columns (proprioception)

50
Q

dull aching pain is carried by what pathway?

A

spinoreticular

51
Q

what does damage to the spinothalamic pathway cause?

A

cotralateral analgesia (loss of pain sensation) and loss of temp information below level of the lesion

52
Q

vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, and reticulospinal tract are all?

A

descending pathways

53
Q

vestibulospinal tract carries?

A

postural changes in response to vestibular

input

54
Q

tectospinal tract

A

provides postural responses to visual stimuli

55
Q

what does the babinsky reflex indicate

A

upper motor neuron lesion

56
Q

spinal shock leads to? (4)

A
  1. somatosensory impairment
  2. flaccid paralyiss
  3. depressed spinal reflexes
  4. can cause severe hypotension (if lesion at high level)
57
Q

complete transection of cord leads to ? (4)

A
  1. loss of sensation and voluntary movement below level of the lesion
  2. bilateral LMN Flaccid paralysis in segment of lesion
  3. bilateral spastic paralysis below lesion
  4. Babinsky sign bilateral
58
Q

what are the main effects of Brown- Sequard Syndrome

A
  1. Ipsilateral loss of motor control below lesion (lateral corticospinal path)
  2. Ipsilateral loss of sensation (touch vibration proprioception) (dorsal columns)
  3. contralateral loss of pain and temperature (spinothalamic), bilateral loss of pain and temp at the level of the lesion
59
Q

spinal cord injuries are categorized complete or incomplete based on?

A

whether there is fucntion at S4/5 level (anal spinchter) (lowest level)

60
Q

ASIA scale
A=
BCD=
E=

A

complete
incomplete
no neurological deficit

61
Q

two spinal cord infections and what they are

A

poliomyelitis: infection of cell bodies in the anterior horn (LMN loss) only effects that level
tabes dorsalis: dorsal column damage, effects all levels below

62
Q

what reflex is responsible for automatic corrections in movements and posture?

A

stretch reflex

63
Q

what is syringomylia ?

where does it usually start?

what tract do you lose crossing of?

what do you lose?

what else gets damaged and what does this cause?

A
  • the tubelike enlargement of the central canal, causing neurons around it to die.
  • cervical level
  • loose crossing of lateral spinal tracts thalamic tracts
  • loose bilateral pain and sensation in level affected
  • damage to anterior horn leading to muscle weakness (LMN) starting in small muscles of hand and expanding up arm
64
Q

ALS is a chronic progressive disease of the corticospinal tracts
and neurons of the?
what does this cause?

A

anterior gray horn

here is loss of lower motor neurons and also disease of the
upper motor neurons, leading to a combination of muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity.

Neuro (10 decks)

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