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Neuro > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers begin ?

and for sympathetic?

A
  • Brain stem via cranial nerves and sacral vertebrae (S2-S4)
  • T1 - L2/L3
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2
Q

how is the Autonomic nervous system different from the PNS?

A

there is a 2 neuron chain outside the CNS: a preganglionic neuron has its cell body in the CNS, and synapses with a postganglionic neuron with its cell body in a ganglion outside the CNS

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3
Q

the parasympathetic NS mostly goes where? (well localized and restricted distribution)

A

thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs

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4
Q

the sympathetic post ganglionic fibers mostly go

A

head, thorax, and limbs

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5
Q

some sympathetic ganglion form a symapthetic chain right next tot eh spinal cord, other preganglionic fibers travel straight through this chain to the ______ _____. these fibers then travel to what viscera?
what is one exception to both these cases?

A

prevertebral ganglia
abdominal and pelvic viscera

exception: the medulla –> innervated directly by preganglionic fibers (displaced sympathetic ganglion)

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6
Q

what are the endocrine and ANS integrated by? (the control center)

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

what viscera is only innervate by one branch of ANS (no antagonistic effects)

A

peripheral vasoconstriction (only sympathetic)

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8
Q

in what system do both parasympathetic and sympathetic work in cooperation with each other?

A

sexual function

  • para: erection
  • symp: ejaculation
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9
Q

where is the urination control center? what is it called?

A

micturition center in the pons

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10
Q

what bladder sphnicter is onld in men? and what does this sphincter do?

A

internal
- autonomic control keeping bladder closed, open)
(whereas external is somatic control)

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11
Q

Patients with spinal cord injury (loss of descending pathways) retain autonomic reflex emptying of their bladder (known as reflex neurogenic bladder), as long as the lesion is above ?

A

S2

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12
Q

below what level of spinal cord injury leads to flaccid bowel?
why?

A

L1 or below
- neurons involved in rectal reflex (parasympathetic innervation) damaged and no voluntary control (L1/L2) –> remains relaxed

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the sympathetic chain?

A

sympathetic preganglionic fibers can enter chain and travel up or down for considerable distances depending on where the targte organ is. It stretches from the foramen magnum to the coccyx

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14
Q

preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons involved in sexual function synapse with post ganglionic fibers where?

A

hypogastric plexus

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15
Q

sympathetic post ganglionic fibers involved in sexual function of males synapse where? (3)

A
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
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16
Q

sympathetic post ganglionic fibers involved in sexual function of females synapse where?

A
  • uterus and vagina smooth muscle
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17
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the brain stem?

A
  1. Conduit: the ascending and descending pathways all pass though the brain stem
  2. Cranial nerves: The nerves for the special senses. the cranial nerves enter the CNS at the brain stem and have nuclei in the brainstem.
  3. Integrative functions: the brainstem also is responsible for complex motor patterns,
    control of respiration and cardiovascular activity, and regulation of level of
    consciousness.
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18
Q

what is the structure called involved int he integrative functions of the brain stem?

A

reticular formation

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19
Q

what cranial nerves to each hold:

  • medulla:
  • pons:
  • Midbrain:
A
  • IX —> XII (9,10,11,12)
  • IV —> VIII (4,5,6,7,8)
  • III (3)
20
Q

what cranial nerves in the brain stem are part of the parasympathetic division?

A

3,7,9,10

21
Q

a series of diffuse nuclei in located in the central regions of the brainstem. It has efferent and afferent connections to most other parts of the CNS

A

the reticular formation

22
Q

The relay station for motor and sensory tracts as they cross between the spinal cord and brain

A

the medulla

23
Q

the medulla contains _____, ______, ______, and _______ centers

A

respiratory, vasomotor, vestibular and cardiac

24
Q

contains many mechanisms for controlling reflex activities

such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and vomiting

A

the medulla

25
Q

the rostral part of the medulla is connected to the cerebellum via the ?
what information do they carry?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncles
- proprioceptive info from the body in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (proprio form the legs) and the cuneocerebellar tract (proprio info from the arms)

26
Q

what fibers do the pyramids in the medulla contain?

A

the descending corticospinal fibers (whose cell bodies are up in motor areas of cerebral cortex)

27
Q

The olive contains the inferior olivary nucleus, whose axons project to the contralateral ________. These neurons are involved in ?

A
  • Cerebellum

Control and modulation of movement

28
Q

what happens in the gracile and cuneate nucleus?

A

the second order neurons of the dorsal columns pathway synapse here

29
Q

medulla contain nuclei involved in the functions of cranial nerves? and what they are involved in

A

the medulla contains nuclei involved in the functions of cranial nerves VIII to XII. These are involved in hearing, balance, swallowing, taste, salivation, autonomic control, and tongue movement.

30
Q

The central portion of the medulla is made up of the reticular formation, at this level what does the reticular formation control responses to?

A
  • responses in the throat (swallowing and gagging)
  • control of breathing
  • heart function
31
Q

what is one of the main structural functions of the pons? and what center does the pons have?

A
  • link different parts of the brain (bridge) esp. the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
  • respiratory center (continues from medulla)
32
Q

the middle cerebellar penduncle is made up of the axons of what? and what does this do?

A

axons of the pontine nuclei which relay descending motor info to the cerebellum

33
Q

what do the superior cerebellar peduncles of the pons contains?

A

axons travelling from the cerebellum up to the cerebrum

34
Q

the pons contains the nuclei associated with cranial nerves V to VII, which are involved in?

A

facial and jaw muscles tear production and eye movements

35
Q

what centers does the minbrain contain?

A

auditory and visual reflex

36
Q

cerebral peduncles carry mostly what?

A

motor information from crotex intended for cerebellum or muscles

37
Q

what part of the brainstem does the cerebral aqueduct run through

A

middle of mid brain (surrounded by periaqueductal gray)

38
Q

what happens with the superior cerebellar peduncles in the midbrain?

A

they cross midline in the caudal to middle midbrain. called the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles

39
Q

what info runs through the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles?

A

These fibres are mostly outputs from the cerebellum and need to cross the midline before reaching their targets.

40
Q

what does the red nucleus do?

A

receives output from the cerebellum and is involved in motor control, but its function in humans is minor.

41
Q

what are the two arousal pathways of the reticular formation?

A
  1. upper brain stem —> reticular nucleus of thalamus (activates thalamus)
  2. upper brain stem —> hypothalamus and cerebral cortex —-> projects sensory info to cortex and inhibits sleep center of hypothalamus
42
Q

how do assess for severity of coma?

A

assessing the person’s ability to respond to painful stimuli or speech by opening their eyes, speaking, or making other movements.

43
Q

what is the difference between coma and vegetative state?

A

the sleep/wake cycle is intact in people in a vegetative state. These people lack consciousness because of severe brain damage, usually to widespread areas of the cerebral cortex.
- also may still respond to some stimuli, lack cognitive function

44
Q

what is locked in syndrome usually caused by?

A

stroke int he anterior portion of the brainstem

45
Q

pathway involved in unconscious proprioception from the legs and trunk

A

dorsal spinocerebellar path

46
Q

pathway involved in unconsious proprioception from the arm s

A

cuneocerebellar path

47
Q

pathway involved in modulating muscle tone and reflex activity and the differences between the two parts of this pathway

A

Reticulospinal path

  • medial (pontine) reticulospinal: limb extensors
  • lateral (medullary) reticulospinal: anticipatory postural responses

Neuro (10 decks)

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