Lecture 7

Question 1

What are high endothelial venules?

Answer 1

The region in which lymphocytes leave the blood stream

Question 2

What is the main lymphatic vessel which takes the lymph back to the blood?

Answer 2

The thoracic duct

Question 3

What is the point of the continuous circulation of lymph?

Answer 3

To ensure that the correct lymphocyte will encounter antigens and allow circulation of the resulting activated cells

Question 4

What are the four effector responses of the lymphocytes?

Answer 4

Anti body production, Antigen-specific cytotoxicity, Antibody-dependant cell mediated cytotoxicity, Natural Killer cell activity

Question 5

What are the regulatory responses of lymphocytes?

Answer 5

Cytokine production

Question 6

Do effector responses last forever?

Answer 6

No they degrade, but immunological memory will allow a more vigorous rapidly secondary response

Question 7

What region on the immunoglobulin molecule has a high affinity for neutrophils?

Answer 7

The CH3 domain

Question 8

What connects the heavy and light chains?

Answer 8

Disulphide bonds

Question 9

What is the purpose of the hinge region of the immunoglobulin molecule?

Answer 9

To allow the immunoglobulin to change from a Y to a T shape

Question 10

What is the CH2 region responsible for?

Answer 10

Where complement proteins can bind to

Question 11

What do primary antibody responses result from?

Answer 11

When an unactivated antigen sensitive B cells come into contact with its specific antigen

Question 12

What do secondary antibody responses result from?

Answer 12

Activation of long lived memory B lymphocytes

Question 13

Where does the activation for primary and secondary immune responses occur?

Answer 13

Secondary lymphoid organs

Question 14

What does activation of antigen sensitive B lymphocytes result in?

Answer 14

Maturation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells and a few memory cells

Question 15

What is the function of plasma cells?

Answer 15

To secrete the specific antibodies which act against the antigens of the pathogens

Question 16

Do memory cells last forever?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What causes antigen sensitive B cells to proliferate into plasma and memory cells?

Answer 17

When an antigen brought to the secondary lymphoid organ by an antigen presenting cell WITH the addition of helper signals in the formation of hormones and cell surface interaction

Question 18

What are the four methods that antibodies aid in the immune response?

Answer 18

Direct neutralisation, Complement activation, oponisation, antibody-dependant cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 19

How do antibodies aid in cell cytotoxicity?

Answer 19

K lymphocytes recognize the Fc region of antibodies allowing them to recognise and kill pathogens

Question 20

How do K lymphocytes recognise pathogens?

Answer 20

Through use of receptors for C3b and Fc regions of immunoglobulins

Question 21

How do K lymphocytes kill cells?

Answer 21

Through use of short range cytotoxicity factors NOT phagoctyosis

Question 22

How do complement proteins become activated?

Answer 22

Through bacterial cell wall components or through antigen-antibody complexes

Question 23

What are the two pathways in which the antigen-antibody complex and the complement system act?

Answer 23

The classical pathway and the alternative pathway

Question 24

What is the classical pathway?

Answer 24

When antibodies-antigen complexes activate the complement system

Question 25

What is the alternative pathway?

Answer 25

When the complement system is activated by bacterial cell wall components

Question 26

What are the three basic functions of the complement immune system?

Answer 26

Chemotaxis, Oponisation and lysis