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Medsci 202 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the penicillin mould first discovered?

A

1929

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2
Q

When was penecillin first widely used?

A

1940s

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3
Q

What bacterical cell structure is targeted in penecillins?

A

The cell wall. as the antibiotic prevents proper formation of this strucure resulting in the cell being unable to resist osmotic pressure, resulting in lysis

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4
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

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5
Q

What part of the bacterial cell wall structure is specifically inhibited by penecillin-based antibiotics?

A

The transpeptide links between individual sugar strands

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6
Q

What alternating sugar monomers make up a peptidoglycan thread?

A

N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-glucosamine

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7
Q

Which enzyme does penecillin act on and how?

A

Penecillin acts as a competitive inhibitor, through its beta-lactam ring for the transpeptidase enzyme which forms cross links between peptidoglycan strands preventing it from binding to the terminal alanine

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8
Q

How many R chains are seen in penicillin?

A

One

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9
Q

How many R chains are seen in Cephalosporins?

A

two

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10
Q

What are the R chains on penecillin and cephalosporin used for in semi-synthetic anti-biotics?

A

To modfiy the properties of the antibiotic to work against antibiotic resistance

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11
Q

What are the two types of resistance to penicillin antibiotics?

A

Beta-lactamase enzyme,

Variant in the transpeptidase enzyme

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12
Q

How does betalactamase resistance work?

A

Enzyme which cuts the beta-lactam ring resulting in inactivation of the antibiotic

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13
Q

How does transpeptidase resistance work?

A

The bacteria uses a transpeptidase enzyme which has a different structure so it is not affected by penicillin

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14
Q

What is the ‘original’ penicillin?

A

benzylpenicillin

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15
Q

What is cloxacillin?

A

A semi-synthetic antibiotic, resistant to beta lactamase S.Aureus

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16
Q

What is Flucloxacillin?

A

A penicillin which is absorbed orally as it is more stable

17
Q

Which semi-synthetic penicillin based antibiotic causes kidney damage?

A

Methicillin

18
Q

How do semi-synthetic antibiotics such as Cloxacillin and Flucloxacillin prevent beta-lactamase resistance?

A

The larger R groups prevent beta lactamase from accessing the beta lactam bond while still allowing access to transpeptidase

19
Q

What is another name for S.Aureus that has resistance through a different transpeptidase?

A

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant S.Aureus)

20
Q

What is the current method of dealing with MRSA as it increases in frequency?

A

Use the non-beta-lactam antibiotic, vancoymycin

21
Q

What antibacterial resistance to penicillin does S.pyogenes have?

A

None to penicillin, still 100% susceptible

22
Q

What does anti-bacterial resistance does Neisseria Gonorrhoea have?

A

Both transpeptidase and beta-lactamase

23
Q

What antibiotic resistance does S.Pneumonia have?

A

Transpeptidase resistance but no beta-lactamase resistance

24
Q

What is Penicillin G?

A

The original benzyl-penicillin

25
Q

What is penicillin VK?

A

The original Oral penicillin

26
Q

What is Benzathine penicillin?

A

A long acting penicillin

27
Q

What does Penicillin G, Penicillin VK and Benzathine Penicillin have in common?

A

They are all narrow spectrum antibiotics, affecting predominantly streptococci, meningococci, many anaerobes and very few staphylococci

28
Q

What composes augmentin?

A

Amoxycillin and Clavulanate acid

29
Q

Why is Amoxycillin typically the penicillin paired with Clavulanate?

A

It is one of the most broad spectrum penicillin based antibiotics

30
Q

Flucloaxcillin is mostly used against which bacteriums?

A

Staphylococci

31
Q

What is the current make up of the S.Aureus in New Zealand?

A

No Beta-lactamase=10%
Beta-lactamase present= 80%
Transpeptidase variants= 10%

Medsci 202 (16 decks)

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