Lecture 7 Flashcards
adolescent pregnancy origins
low socioeconomic status, high prevalence in foster care, low education levels, creates a cyclical cycle
adolescent risks
increased risks for hypertension, anemia, weight gain, start pregnancy with lower nutrient intake (fast food, skipping meals etc.), vitamin deficiencies
health risks for baby with adolescent pregnancy
low birth weight due to inadequate nutrient supply (mainly glucose - cause parent takes majority), pelvic region and babies head are disproportionate (need c-section)
macronutrient requirements for adolescent pregnancies
increase carb demand for underweight teens, same protein recommendations, 20-30% of caloric intake through fats
older pregnancies
age 34+
adverse affects in older pregnancy
birthing problems due to pre-existing conditions, increased chromosomal abnormalities (aging eggs), increased risk of genetic disorders, miscarriage
Multiparity pregnancy
2+ fetuses
when do twin birth rates increase
after the age of 35ish
why is multiplarity pregnancy more common in older people
reproductive technology, artificial insemination (ART), IVF
health risks for multiplarity pregnancy
preterm pregnancy, small gestational age (due to sharing of nutrients), increased stress can lead to GDM, pre-eclampsia
nutrient needs with 2+ fetuses
calories: 150 more than singelton pregnancies, essential fatty acids, iron (need 2-4 times more than average), calcium increase
spacing of offspring
18 months between pregnancy (delivery to conception), due to stress of body and allows body time to regain nutrients
alchohol risks
freely passes through placenta, immature enzymes slows metabolism, think of exposure relative to size (fetus is small)
fetal alchohol disorders
most of these are from confirmed alcoholics, fetal alchohol syndrome is the most severe form
Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder
Problems with behavior, learning, impulse controls
Alcohol related birth defects
Abnormal tissue development
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Abnormal facial features
* Abnormal growth trajectory (shorter than average height)
* Learning, memory, behavior, social skills, vision, hearing,
attention span
* Joint deformities
BPA
Chemical that interferes with hormone
systems (estrogen functioning - can pause or enhance), inner lining of cans, makes plastic hard
exposure to BPA in womb
associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, early on set puberty, neurological outcomes
BPA and disease later
BPA exposure in the womb can interfere with DNA methylation programming and then convert into childhood/adult disease
BPA replacements
Bisphenol S or F, similar structure to BPA
mercury
heavy metal, contaminates soil and water, bioaccumulates in fish
mercury during pregnancy
2-3 servings of fish per week (omega 3), but poses a fetal neurotoxin **focus on lowest levels of it
mercury outcomes pregnancy
- Infant outcomes
– Hearing loss
– Seizures
– Cognitive developmental disabilities - Accumulates in maternal tissue
– Leach into breast milk
