Lecture 4 Flashcards
conception and implantation
fertilization of egg by sperm, forms a single cell called zygote, zygote travels from fallopian tube and the single cell divides along the way, results in a blastocyte and implants into uterine wall
embryonic period
week 3-8, nutrients: from nutrient exchange between uterine glands and arteries (histotropic)
fetal period
amniotic sac and placenta form
amniotic sac
fluid filled membrane, provides fetus with constant fluids
placenta definition
network of blood vessels and tissue, provides nutrient and oxygen exchange from mother to fetus
fetal period track
oxygen and wastes travel through blood vessels via pregnant persons circulation, to placenta, then to umbilical cord and then fetus
placenta responsibilites
hormone production, hcg suppresses pregnant persons immune system so they don’t reject the pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone in fetal period
helps with muscle relaxation, estrogen: growth of breasts and uterus, progesterone: prevents pre term labor
physiological changes in pregnancy
week 9-30: increase in pregnancy nutrient stores, blood volume increases in response to vascular exchanges, increased red blood cell production, digestive tract relaxation (estrogen + progesterone)
week 30: fetal demands are at peak
adverse consequences to muscle (hormone) relaxation
gastric emptying slows - causing nausea, sphincter relaxation occurs - causing heartburn
energy recommendations for pregnancy
1st trimester: 0
2nd trimester: 300
3rd trimester: 450
**most in demand during the last trimester
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
glucose intolerance diagnosed during pregnancy, risk factors: obesity, previous pregnancy with GDM, pre diabetes, marginalized race, genetic history, older pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) challenge testing
screened during second trimester, glucose challenge test (drink and blood draw), if failed… oral glucose tolerance test: overnight fasting
monitoring GDM
4-5 times per day with take-home glucose monitor, At delivery – team will monitor and keep blood
glucose adequate
* Following delivery:
– Continual monitoring of blood glucose
– Promotion of healthy life style
* To prevent development of Type 2 Diabetes
untreated GDM baby
macrosomia: baby weighs more than 8lbs 13oz, c section may be needed, baby can develop type 2 diabetes, higher risk for childhood and adult obesity, shoulder dystocia
untreated GDM parent
c section, increased risk for pre-eclampsia, increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes post birth
GDM prevention
high fiber foods, 3 meals a day, regular exercise, usage of metformin: decreased glucose produced in liver
