Lecture 3 Flashcards
what type of organ is adipose tissue
endocrine
BMI
an indirect indicator using a person’s weight
and height to help screen for health
undernutrition
10-15% below usual body weight, decrease in LH, FSH and estrogen in women, decrease in sperm viability, motality and testosterone in men
body fat threshold for menarche
menarche - first menstruation, 17% threshold
BMI lower than X results in abnormal menstural cycles
20
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation for 3+ months
% of body fat required to maintain normal menstrual cycling
22
female athlete triad
disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
female athlete triad and why it leads to amenorrhea
loss of body fat suppresses GnRH, leading to decreased estrogen, FSH and LH
why female athlete triad leads to osteoporosis
estrogen normally inhibits osteoclasts (break down of bone) with a decreased amount loss of mineral bone mass occurs with consistent vigorous exercise
clinical treatment for female athlete triad
combination of medical care, mental health care and dietary care, the first goal is to return menstruation
RED-S
relative energy deficiency in sports, Awareness of adverse effects on immunity,
cardiovascular health, metabolic rate, protein synthesis,
mental health, etc. in both females and males (female athlete triad as a whole male and female)
excess adipose tissue in women
leads to an-ovulation: absence of ovulation, and a delayed time to conception
excess adipose tissue in men
damaged DNA of sperm, altered testosterone levels
subcutaneous fat
directly under skin
viceral fat
surrounds vital organs
what happens when there is an accumulation of viceral fat
common consequence is insulin resistance
normal circumstances with insulin
insulin signals glucose into organs
increased visceral fat and insulin
disrupts insulin signaling at cells and glucose does not enter cells instead staying in the blood
excess glucose in blood triggers
increase glucose production to make up for it not being in cells, increase insulin production
females fertility potential with excess body fat
inversely associated, females with higher body fat have a decreased sex hormone binding globulin which results in accumulated testosterone in ovaries hindering egg release (leads to an-ovulation)
males fertility potential with excess body fat
body fat is associated with fertility potential, semen: decreased in count, DNA of semen: increased DNA, hormone levels: estrogen is increased, GnRH, LH and testosterone is decreased
food folate
found in spinach, legumes, lentils, avocado etc
polyglutamate
requires enzymatic activity to get to absorbable form, associated with food folate
folic acid
synthetic form of folate, cereals, bread, granola bars etc
monogluatmate
one glutamate associated with folic acid
folate
overarching term for food folate and folic acid
spina bifida
folate is critical in the closure of the spinal cord, lack of folate can lead to improper closure - spina bifida
spina bifida symptoms
difficulty walking, fluid in brain, learning impairment, tethered spine, uncontrolled bowel movements
folate intake relation to NTDS
inversely associated
mandatory fortification of flours by FDA led to
decline in NTDs
hispanic births and folate
highest prevalence, lower awareness to sources of dietary folate, less likely to supplement folate, genetic factors and dietary choices
