Lecture 5 Flashcards
micronutrient needs during pregnancy
essential for growth, development and maintenance
increased energy utilization
B vitamins, iron and calcium
increased protein synthesis
B vitamins, iron
bone mineralization
calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus
calcium responsibilities
bone mineralization of fetus, constriction and relaxation of blood vessels, Nerve conduction, Muscle contractions, Hormone signaling **levels peak in 3rd trimester
1st + 2nd trimester calcium
increased level of vitamin D, dietary calcium absorption, increased calcitonin, decreased parathyroid hormone
3rd trimester
calcium is needed for fetus, continued increase in dietary calcium absorption, parathyroid increases to normal levels
calcitonin
stimulates uptake of calcium into bone
parathyroid hormone
stimulates turnover of calcium from blood to bone
calcium deficiency
If calcium is low in diet, bone will release calcium to
maintain blood levels
what is calcium needed for
- Constriction and relaxation of blood vessels
(vasoconstriction and vasodilation) - Nerve impulse transmission
- Muscle contraction
- Secretion of hormones, like insulin
calcium and lead
majority of lead is stored in the bones, in general low circulating calcium stimulates bone turnover, so lead could be turned over vs calcium
calcium and lead during pregnancy
higher calcium is turned over in 3rd trimester, there becomes a potential release of lead into circulation, lead in circulation can also cross the placenta
lead and fetus
can damage mitochondria of brain + nerve cells, associated with a lower IQ, learning disabilities, impaired growth, impaired bone development, damage to kidney
vitamin D and pregnancy
increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus, stimulates uptake in bone cells providing bone growth and maintenance
vitamin D deficiency in pregnant people
associated with deficit in calcium absorption and intake, results in low birth weight due to improper formation of the bones
iron and pregnancy
high iron is needed to support hemoglobin structure
iron deficiency
most common deficiency worldwide, in females they risk losing menstruation
iron deficiency anemia
dysfunctional red blood cells due to iron deficiency, associated with a lower birth weight, and a 2-3x risk of infant developing anemia
heme and non heme iron
heme: found in meat sources, non-heme: found in plant based foods
prenatal iron recommendations
1st trimester: no recommended increase, 2nd-3rd trimester: 27mg a day (non veggie), 47mg a day (veggie), supports oxygen needs for pregnant person and the fetal tissues
folate (vitamin B9) and pregnancy
DNA synthesis, cell division (rapid cell division in the first week of pregnancy)
one carbon metabolism
biological process dependent on adequate folate for: 1. synthesis of DNA + cell division, DNA methylation (important for gene expression)
DNA methylation
increased methylation on genes: decreased expression
decreased methylation on genes: increased expression
choline
synthesis of neurotransmitters in embryonic and late fetal period, role in DNA methylation, structural and functional component of cells
choline deficiency
associated with structural abnormalities in the brain, and during late pregnancy: hippocampus development
DOHaD
developmental origins of health and disease, exposure in womb→altered methylation→altered gene
expression→disease development
Agouti gene
controls hair color and
appetite
-Normal methylation = brown hair color
and normal appetite
-Decreased methylation = yellow hair
color and increased appetite
