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AP 4 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

Learn Lecture 7

1
Q

What are the Factors which affect the rate of
diffusion through membrane (Fick’s
Law of Diffusion):

A

*Concentration gradient
* Area of the membrane
* Molecular weight
* Permeability
* The distance through which
diffusion must take place
* Temperature: Kinetic energy
increases with temperature

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2
Q

What is Osmosis

A

diffusion of water
through the semi-permeable
membrane down its own
concentration gradient

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3
Q

When Does Osmosis occur?

A

when the solute is
unable to move down its
concentration gradient

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4
Q

When does osmosis stop?

A

when
equilibrium is reached.

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5
Q

What is Osmotic pressure or the pulling pressure

A

the measure of tendency of a
solution to pull water into it by
osmosis because of the relative
concentration of non-penetrating
solute and water

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6
Q

What is Tonicity (tono = tension)?

A

the ability of a solution to change the shape ofcells by altering the cells’ internal water volume.

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7
Q

What are the 3 states of Tonicity?

A

Isotonic solution, Hypotonic solutions, Hypertonic solutions

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8
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

have the same concentrations of solutes in the cells

Example: 0.9% saline or 5% glucose.

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9
Q

What is a Hypotonic solution

A

are more dilute than cells

Cells placed in it, plump up as

example, distilled water

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10
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

have a higher
concentration than the cell

Cells immersed in it → lose water and
crenate.

Example, a strong saline solution.

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11
Q

An intravenous hypertonic solution
may help relieve swelling in the brain in
patients with head trauma. How does this work?

A

Hypertonic solution absorbs water from the
brain swelling by the process of osmosis

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12
Q

What is Cell Membrane Potential

A

Is the presence of different
charges on both sides of the
cell membrane.

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13
Q

why is the inside of the cell negative?

A

due to negative proteins which makes the outside of the cell positive

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14
Q

What is polarization?

A

when inside of the cell is negative and outside of the cell is positive

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15
Q

What is the actual amount of restinge potential energy?

A

–70 mV

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16
Q

Where are K+ and Na+ inside or outside?

A

Na+ → is more outside the cell
(in ECF)
* K+ → is more inside the cell (in
ICF)

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17
Q

What are electrolytes

A

Electrolytes are atoms and
molecules that are able to ionize
and carry an electrical current.

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18
Q

What are the electrolytes in plasma

A

sodium (Na+), chloride
(Cl−), and bicarbonate (HCO3−).

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19
Q

What are the electrolytes in intracellular fluid:

A

potassium
(K+) and phosphate (PO4−3).

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20
Q

cations (positively charged)

A

Na+
and K+.

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21
Q

Anions: (negatively charged)

A

Cl−,
HCO3−, and PO4−3

22
Q

what happens when when electrolytes dissolve

A

Ions are formed

23
Q

What are the functions of ions

A
  • (1) certain ions control the
    osmosis of water between fluid
    compartments.
  • (2) help maintain the acid–base
    balance.
  • (3) Ions carry electrical current,
    which allows production of action
    potentials and graded potentials.
  • (4) Several ions serve as cofactors
    needed for optimal activity of
    enzymes.
24
Q

What is the sodium Potassium Pump

A

(Na+ /K+ ATPase)
maintains the resting
membrane potential

It ejects 3 Na+ → from
the cell out
And 2 K+ → back into the
cell

25
Q

T/F

Sodium Potassium Pump It is an active transport,
that requires ATP energy

A

True

26
Q

What is the purpose of the What is the sodium Potassium Pump

A

It constantly “recharges”
the cell, keeping its
polarity.

27
Q

What % of body does body fluid make up in males and females

A

55% of total body mass in
females
60% of total body mass in males

28
Q

Why do females have less body fluid?

A

Because they have more fat

29
Q

What are the two compartments of the body that fluid lives?

A

Intracellular fluid (inside of cells) and extracellular fluid (outside of cells)

30
Q

What is the breakdown of extracellular and intracellular fluid in the body?

A

Intracellular is 2/3 - 63%
Extracellular is 1/3 - 37%

31
Q

What is the breakdown of extracellular fluid

A

80% is interstitial fluid (inter- =
between), between tissue cells
– 20% is blood plasma, lymph &
others

32
Q

True or False?

water is less present in obese people

A

true

33
Q

true or false

Water is highest in Infants & reaches 75% of body mass

A

True

34
Q

What are the ways water enters the body?

A

in liquids, foods, and as a byproduct of metabolism.

35
Q

What are the ways water exits the body

A

in urine,
sweat, exhaled air, and feces.

36
Q

True or false

we loose exactly the same
amount of water we gain

A

true

37
Q

the reabsorption of salt (NaCl)
→ automatically leads to the
reabsorption of water by

A

osmosis

38
Q

True or false?

Urine is hypertonic

A

True

osmolarity is higher than the
osmolarity of blood

39
Q

What does Regulation of volume of metabolic
water depends on the level of

A

aerobic respiration, which reflects
the demand for ATP

When more ATP is produced →
more water is formed.

40
Q

What part of the brain does the thirst center live in

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

what are four signals that stimulate the thirst center

A

(1) volume receptors in the atria →
detect the decrease in blood volume
* (2) baroreceptors in blood vessels →
detect the decrease in blood
pressure
* (3) angiotensin II → that is formed
due to activation of the reninangiotensin- aldosterone pathway by
the decrease in blood pressure
* (4) neurons in the mouth that detect
dryness due to a decreased flow of
saliva

42
Q

```

What happens when water loss is greater than water gain

A

dehydration → a decrease in blood volume and an increase in osmolarity of body fluids → blood pressure fall → increased blood osmolarity →stimulates thirst center (osmoreceptors) in the hypothalamus

43
Q

What are the four ways water is lost

A
  1. kidneys excrete about 1500 mL
    in urine
  2. skin evaporates about 600 mL
    (400 mL through insensible
    perspiration— sweat that
    evaporates before it is
    perceived as moisture—and 200
    mL as sweat)
  3. lungs exhale about 300 mL as
    water vapor
  4. gastrointestinal tract eliminates
    about 100 mL in feces.
44
Q

How many ml of water are lost per day

A

2500 mL.

45
Q

Which of the following

statements about body
water is correct?

a. Males have a higher
percentage of body water
by weight than females.
– b. Most of the body’s
water is found inside cells.
– c. Water can be lost from
the body in exhaled air.
– d. A portion of daily water
intake comes from water
produced during
metabolism.
– e. All of these statements
are correct.

A

E. all

46
Q

*

osmolarity is regulated by?

A

urinary
water loss

47
Q

urinary water loss is regulated by?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH =
vasopressin).

48
Q

Where is ADH (vasopressin) produced and stored?

A

produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland

49
Q

What happens when osmolarity increases?
osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus stimulate thirst →
also increase the synthesis and
release of ADH.

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate thirst and increase the synthesis and
release of ADH.

50
Q
A

AP 4 (11 decks)

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