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AP 4 > lecture 3 > Flashcards

lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main hormones of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?

A

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), motilin, and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

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2
Q

What is the role of gastrin?

A

Gastrin stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (HCl) from parietal cells in the stomach.

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3
Q

What is the role of secretin in digestion?

A

Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which neutralizes acidic chyme in the duodenum.

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4
Q

What does cholecystokinin (CCK) do in the digestive process?

A

CCK stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes for fat and protein digestion.

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5
Q

What cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans

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6
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake by cells and glycogen storage.

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7
Q

What cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans

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8
Q

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

A

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.

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9
Q

What are the main digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas?

A

Amylase (carbohydrates), lipase (fats), and proteases like trypsin and chymotrypsin (proteins)

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10
Q

What is the function of pancreatic lipase?

A

Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption in the small intestine.

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11
Q

How do the pancreatic ducts and biliary ducts interact?

A

The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct join at the ampulla of Vater, releasing their contents into the duodenum via the sphincter of Oddi.

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12
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

An autoimmune condition where the body attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency.

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13
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

A metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, often associated with obesity.

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14
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, where the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet increased demands.

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15
Q

What are the three phases of digestion?

A

The cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase

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16
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

The sight, smell, or thought of food stimulates the vagus nerve to prepare the stomach for digestion by increasing gastric secretions.

17
Q

What happens during the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Food in the stomach triggers the release of gastric acid and enzymes for digestion, while the stomach stretches to accommodate food.

18
Q

What happens during the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

The presence of chyme in the small intestine stimulates the release of digestive hormones and enzymes while slowing gastric emptying.

19
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?

A

The GIT develops from the endoderm layer of the embryo.

20
Q

What are some common disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?

A

Peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and celiac disease

21
Q

What causes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

GERD is caused by the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, often due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter.

22
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the GIT, leading to pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition.

23
Q

What is the role of ghrelin in hunger?

A

Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates appetite and signals hunger to the brain.

24
Q

What is the role of leptin in satiety?

A

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that signals the brain to reduce appetite and promotes the feeling of fullness.

25
Q

How does acupuncture help with gastrointestinal diseases?

A

Acupuncture may help reduce symptoms of GI diseases by regulating the autonomic nervous system, reducing inflammation, relieving pain, and improving gut motility.

26
Q

What points are commonly used in acupuncture for GI issues?

A

Common points include ST36 (Zusanli), CV12 (Zhongwan), and LI4 (Hegu).

AP 4 (12 decks)

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