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AP 4 > 120 q > Flashcards

120 q Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Involuntary contractions that move food through the digestive tract

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3
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

Prevents acid reflux into the esophagus

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4
Q

Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the GI tract?

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

What are villi, and why are they important for digestion?

A

Small projections that increase surface area for absorption

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6
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion?

A

Emulsifies fats

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7
Q

Where is bile produced and where is it stored?

A

Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the liver in metabolism?

A

Regulates blood sugar, processes nutrients, detoxifies substances, and produces bile

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9
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

A

Metabolism, detoxification, bile production

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10
Q

What is the portal triad in the liver?

A

Bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

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11
Q

What are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine: digestive enzymes; Endocrine: insulin and glucagon

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12
Q

What is the role of insulin in the body?

A

Lowers blood glucose

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13
Q

What hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low?

A

Glucagon

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14
Q

Which cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

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15
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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16
Q

What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

The rate of energy expenditure at rest

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17
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

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18
Q

Which macronutrient is the primary source of energy for the body?

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

What is the role of the liver in gluconeogenesis?

A

Converts non-carbohydrates into glucose

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20
Q

What is ketosis?

A

A metabolic state where fat is used for energy, producing ketones

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21
Q

Which part of the brain regulates body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

How does the body respond to a drop in temperature?

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction, increased thyroid hormone production

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23
Q

How does the body cool down in response to high temperatures?

A

Sweating, vasodilation

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24
Q

What is the primary mechanism for heat loss during exercise?

A

Evaporation (sweating)

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke?

A

High temperature, confusion, rapid heart rate, loss of consciousness

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26
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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27
Q

What are the three main processes involved in urine formation?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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28
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

A

Glomerulus within Bowman’s capsule

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29
Q

What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?

A

Create concentration gradient for water/salt reabsorption

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30
Q

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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31
Q

What role does aldosterone play in the kidney?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption

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32
Q

What triggers the release of renin?

A

Low blood pressure or low sodium levels

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33
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute

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34
Q

What is nephroptosis?

A

Dropping of the kidney out of its normal position

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35
Q

What is heat exhaustion?

A

Dehydration and excessive sweating

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36
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Scarring of liver tissue leading to impaired liver function

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37
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

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38
Q

What is jaundice, and what causes it?

A

Yellowing of skin and eyes due to liver dysfunction and bilirubin buildup

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39
Q

What is the main role of the gallbladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

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40
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

Emulsify fats for digestion

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41
Q

What enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

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42
Q

Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin?

A

In the mouth with salivary amylase

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43
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

Storage, mixing, and digestion of food

44
Q

Which hormone stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach?

A

Gastrin

45
Q

What cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

46
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially digested food mixed with stomach acids

47
Q

Which organ produces bile?

A

Liver

48
Q

What are the primary functions of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption and feces formation

49
Q

Where are the majority of digestive enzymes produced?

A

Pancreas

50
Q

What triggers the release of bile into the small intestine?

A

The presence of fats (via cholecystokinin)

51
Q

What is the role of the hormone secretin?

A

Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

52
Q

What are the main end products of protein digestion?

A

Amino acids

53
Q

Which hormone causes the liver to release stored glucose?

A

Glucagon

54
Q

What is the role of the hepatic portal vein?

A

Carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract to the liver

55
Q

Where is most water absorbed in the digestive system?

A

Large intestine

56
Q

What is the primary role of the kidneys?

A

Filter blood and remove waste products

57
Q

What structure in the nephron is responsible for filtration?

A

Glomerulus

58
Q

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

59
Q

What is aldosterone, and how does it function in the kidneys?

A

A hormone that increases sodium reabsorption, leading to water retention

60
Q

Where is urine stored before excretion?

A

Urinary bladder

61
Q

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

62
Q

How does the loop of Henle contribute to the concentration of urine?

A

By creating a concentration gradient in the medulla

63
Q

Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

64
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in the digestive system?

A

Neutralizes acidic chyme in the small intestine

65
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

66
Q

What are micelles?

A

Aggregates of bile salts that help with fat absorption

67
Q

What is the function of chief cells in the stomach?

A

Secrete pepsinogen

68
Q

What is the role of the liver in detoxification?

A

Processes toxins and drugs, breaking them down for excretion

69
Q

Which nutrient is primarily absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

70
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

A

To transport nutrients from the GI tract to the liver for processing

71
Q

How does the body regulate blood glucose levels after a meal?

A

By secreting insulin from the pancreas

72
Q

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

A

Collects urine and channels it into the ureter

73
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hunger regulation?

A

It releases hormones like ghrelin to signal hunger

74
Q

What is the difference between the afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidney?

A

Afferent arterioles bring blood to the glomerulus; efferent arterioles carry it away

75
Q

What is the primary role of the endocrine pancreas?

A

To regulate blood sugar levels

76
Q

What hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels during fasting?

A

Glucagon

77
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine

78
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect the digestive system?

A

It inhibits digestion by slowing motility and secretions

79
Q

What is the role of pancreatic lipase?

A

Digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol

80
Q

Where does the majority of fat digestion occur?

A

In the small intestine

81
Q

What are ketone bodies, and when are they produced?

A

By-products of fat metabolism, produced during fasting or low carbohydrate intake

82
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

83
Q

How does the body respond to low body temperature?

A

By vasoconstriction, shivering, and increasing metabolism

84
Q

What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

A

Reabsorbs nutrients, water, and ions back into the bloodstream

85
Q

What does the term “basal metabolic rate” (BMR) refer to?

A

The rate at which the body uses energy at rest

86
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

A

Secretes ions and wastes into the filtrate

87
Q

What is the importance of albumin in the blood?

A

Maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances

88
Q

How does the liver aid in fat digestion?

A

By producing bile, which emulsifies fats

89
Q

What is the countercurrent mechanism in the kidneys?

A

A system in the nephron that concentrates urine by allowing the reabsorption of water and salt

90
Q

What stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

The presence of fats in the small intestine

91
Q

Where is the hormone gastrin produced?

A

In the stomach by G-cells

92
Q

What are the primary functions of the liver?

A

Metabolism, detoxification, storage of nutrients, and bile production

93
Q

What happens when blood osmolarity increases?

A

ADH is released, increasing water reabsorption to dilute blood plasma

94
Q

What triggers the secretion of ADH?

A

Increased blood osmolarity or dehydration

95
Q

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

A

By secreting insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose

96
Q

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

A

Bile emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest by enzymes

97
Q

How is body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus?

A

By triggering sweating, shivering, and vasodilation or vasoconstriction

98
Q

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

99
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

The blood glucose concentration at which glucose starts appearing in the urine

100
Q

How does the body regulate sodium levels?

A

Through aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

101
Q

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

A

Contracts to expel urine from the bladder

102
Q

What are the main components of urine?

A

Water, urea, creatinine, ions, and waste products

103
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and what does it do?

A

A structure that regulates blood pressure and filtration rate in the kidney

104
Q

How is chyme neutralized as it enters the small intestine?

A

Pancreatic bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid

105
Q

What is the role of the liver in protein metabolism?

A

The liver deaminates amino acids and converts ammonia to urea for excretion

AP 4 (11 decks)

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