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Question 1

What are the main anatomical parts of the pancreas?

Answer 1

Head, body, and tail

Question 2

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 2

The exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) into the small intestine to aid digestion.

Question 3

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 3

The endocrine pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels.

Question 4

What are the key molecules in metabolism?

Answer 4

Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, ATP, NADH, FADH2

Question 5

What is energy balance?

Answer 5

Energy balance refers to the relationship between energy intake (from food) and energy expenditure (through basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermogenesis).

Question 6

What is catabolism?

Answer 6

Catabolism is the metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy (e.g., breaking down glucose during cellular respiration).

Question 7

What is anabolism?

Answer 7

Anabolism is the metabolic process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy (e.g., protein synthesis from amino acids).

Question 8

What are macronutrients?

Answer 8

Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are required in large amounts for energy and growth.

Question 9

What are micronutrients?

Answer 9

Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals that are needed in smaller quantities but are essential for various biochemical processes.

Question 10

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 10

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Question 11

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 11

Glycolysis, the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 12

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 12

In the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 13

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 13

In the mitochondria

Question 14

What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

Answer 14

The ETC produces the majority of ATP by using energy from electrons transferred by NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis.

Question 15

What is ATP, and why is it important?

Answer 15

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various biological processes.

Question 16

How is ATP produced during cellular respiration?

Answer 16

ATP is produced through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.

Question 17

What is carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 17

Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown of carbohydrates (mainly glucose) to produce ATP through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Question 18

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 18

Glycogenesis is the process of converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles.

Question 19

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 19

Gluconeogenesis is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, during fasting or intense exercise.

Question 20

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 20

Lipoproteins are molecules that transport lipids (fats) in the blood, made up of proteins and fats.

Question 21

What are the different types of lipoproteins, and what are their functions?

Answer 21

Chylomicrons (transport dietary fats), LDL (low-density lipoprotein, “bad cholesterol”), HDL (high-density lipoprotein, “good cholesterol”)

Question 22

How is blood filtered in the kidney?

Answer 22

Blood is filtered in the kidney’s glomerulus, where water, ions, and small molecules pass through, while larger molecules like proteins and blood cells are retained.

Question 23

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane in the kidney?

Answer 23

Endothelium of glomerular capillaries, basement membrane, and podocytes (visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule)

Question 24

What molecules can pass through the filtration membrane of the kidney?

Answer 24

Water, glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, and small molecules can pass through, while proteins and cells cannot.

Question 25

What are the common methods of measuring body temperature?

Answer 25

Oral, rectal, tympanic (ear), axillary (underarm), and forehead (temporal) methods

Question 26

How is body temperature regulated?

Answer 26

Body temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus, which adjusts responses like sweating, shivering, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction to maintain homeostasis.

Question 27

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Answer 27

BMR is the amount of energy expended while at rest to maintain basic physiological functions, such as breathing and circulation.

Question 28

What factors affect basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Answer 28

Age, sex, body composition (muscle mass), hormone levels, and genetics

Question 29

How does the body maintain energy balance?

Answer 29

Energy balance is maintained by matching energy intake (food) with energy expenditure (BMR, physical activity, and thermogenesis).

Question 30

What happens during the post-absorptive state?

Answer 30

The body breaks down stored glycogen, fats, and proteins to maintain blood glucose levels when no food is being digested.

Question 31

What is thermogenesis?

Answer 31

Thermogenesis is the production of heat in the body, particularly after eating, through processes like digestion, absorption, and metabolism.

Question 32

What is the role of brown adipose tissue in thermogenesis?

Answer 32

Brown adipose tissue generates heat by burning calories, helping regulate body temperature.