ap4 lecture 6

Question 1

What are the three main functions of the nephron?

Answer 1

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Question 2

What happens during filtration in the nephron?

Answer 2

Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, allowing water, electrolytes, glucose, and small solutes to pass into the nephron, while proteins and blood cells are retained.

Question 3

What happens during reabsorption in the nephron?

Answer 3

Essential substances like water, glucose, and ions are reabsorbed from the nephron back into the bloodstream, preventing their loss in urine.

Question 4

What happens during secretion in the nephron?

Answer 4

Waste products and excess ions are secreted from the blood into the nephron for excretion in urine.

Question 5

Which hormones affect renal function?

Answer 5

Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) hormones

Question 6

What is the role of aldosterone in the kidney?

Answer 6

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, which leads to water retention and increased blood pressure.

Question 7

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?

Answer 7

ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, reducing urine volume and concentrating urine.

Question 8

How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) affect kidney function?

Answer 8

ANP reduces sodium reabsorption, increasing sodium and water excretion, which lowers blood pressure.

Question 9

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

Answer 9

RAAS is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting vasoconstriction and sodium retention.

Question 10

What is used to evaluate kidney function?

Answer 10

Blood tests (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen), urinalysis, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 11

What is creatinine clearance?

Answer 11

A test that measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys, used to estimate GFR.

Question 12

What is the ureter’s function?

Answer 12

The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 13

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

Answer 13

The urinary bladder stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.

Question 14

What is the function of the urethra?

Answer 14

The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the external environment for excretion.

Question 15

What triggers urination (micturition)?

Answer 15

Stretch receptors in the bladder signal the brain when the bladder is full, causing the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax.

Question 16

How is urination controlled?

Answer 16

Urination is controlled by the involuntary internal urethral sphincter and the voluntary external urethral sphincter.

Question 17

How does the urinary system develop in the embryo?

Answer 17

The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm, forming the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros, with the metanephros becoming the permanent kidney.

Question 18

What is the pronephros, and when does it function?

Answer 18

The pronephros is the first stage of kidney development, which is nonfunctional and degenerates early in fetal development.

Question 19

What is the metanephros?

Answer 19

The metanephros is the final stage of kidney development, which forms the permanent kidneys and begins functioning in the fetus.

Question 20

What are common disorders of the urinary system?

Answer 20

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and renal failure

Question 21

What causes urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Answer 21

UTIs are typically caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract, commonly affecting the urethra and bladder.

Question 22

What are kidney stones?

Answer 22

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys and can cause pain as they pass through the urinary tract.

Question 23

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 23

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, affecting the kidney’s ability to filter waste and excess fluids.

Question 24

What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

Answer 24

PKD is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney enlargement and dysfunction.

Question 25

What is urinary incontinence?

Answer 25

Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine due to a loss of bladder control.

Question 26

What are the types of urinary incontinence?

Answer 26

Stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, and functional incontinence

Question 27

What causes stress incontinence?

Answer 27

Stress incontinence is caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles, leading to urine leakage during activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercising.

Question 28

What causes urge incontinence?

Answer 28

Urge incontinence is caused by an overactive bladder, leading to a sudden, intense urge to urinate.

Question 29

How is urinary incontinence treated?

Answer 29

Treatment may include pelvic floor exercises (Kegels), medications, bladder training, and in some cases, surgery.