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mcat psych/soc lectures > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is reinforcement

A

anything that increases the likelihood of the desired behavior

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2
Q

what is punishment

A

anything that decreases the likelihood of the undesired behavior

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3
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

adds something like affection, food, or

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4
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

takes away something undesirable like stopping the shock

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5
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

adds something undesirable like pain and discomfort

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6
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

takes away something desirable like no video games and cell phone

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7
Q

avoidance behavior usually comes from

A

negative reinforcement

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8
Q

what is the dopamine reward pathway

A

the reward pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and connects to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS

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9
Q

primary reinforcers and primary punishment change what

A

the rate of response WITHOUT previous learning

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10
Q

secondary reinforcers and secondary punishment is stimuli that

A

is learned to be rewarding and punishing

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11
Q

what is a token economy

A

a system of behaviors that are reinforced with tokens

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12
Q

what is continuous reinforcement? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after every single response, the response rate is slow but extinction rate is high. THIS IS BEST WAY TO TEACH NEW BEHAVIOR

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13
Q

what is fixed ratio? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after a set of # of responses. response rate: fast extinction rate: medium

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14
Q

what is variable ratio? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after a variable # of responses like gambling. response rate: fast and extinction rate is slow

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15
Q

what is fixed interval? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcement given after a set amount of time. response rate: medium extinction rate: medium

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16
Q

what is variable interval? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after a variable amount of time. response rate: medium to fast and extinction rate is slow

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17
Q

what are biological predisposition

A

it is easier to condition an organism to perform a response that is similar to behaviors that are biologically inclined to perform

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18
Q

what is instinctive drift?

A

the tendency for certain conditioned behaviors to trigger similar instinctive behaviors. innate behavior can interfere with conditioned behavior

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19
Q

what is observational learning

A

biological processes that affect observational learning

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20
Q

what are mirror neurons

A

many brain neurons fire in the same pattern when we observe another perform a known action “monkey see monkey do”

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21
Q

what are vicarious emotion

A

mirror neurons also appear to be activated when we feel the emotional responses of other

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22
Q

what is insight learning?

A

a process in which the solution to a problem suddenly comes to us in what might be described as a flash of flash of insight

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23
Q

what is sensation?

A

the encoding of physical energy from the environment

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24
Q

what is perception?

A

the decoding of sensations

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25
Q

what is psychophysics

A

the study of how physical stimuli are translated into a psychological experience

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26
Q

what are types of stimuli? (state the receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptor, electromag receptor

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27
Q

prefrontal cortex has what functions?

A

verbal and motor and brocas area: speech production

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28
Q

parietal lobe has what functions?

A

sensory, body awareness

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29
Q

occipital lobe has what functions?

A

visual

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30
Q

temporal lobe has what functions?

A

hearing and wernickes area; lang comp, long term memory

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31
Q

what is agnosia

A

inability to process sensory info

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32
Q

cerebellum has what functions

A

balance, motor memory, movement

33
Q

what is kinesthesis

A

proorioception, allows us to sense the position of out limbs in space

34
Q

what does brain laterization state? what are the sides known for

A

left brain deals with right and vice versa. Left brain is logic and math while right brain is creative

35
Q

what divides and how do the sides communicate with each other in the brain

A

corpus callosum

36
Q

what is webers law

A

the size of the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the OG stimulus value

37
Q

what is signal detection theory

A

a method for quantifying a person ability to detect a given stimulus amidst other non important stimuli (noise): hit, miss, false alarm, etc

38
Q

what is ROC curve

A

tracks hit rate vs false alarm in order to graph the relative accuracy of different criteria

39
Q

what are the four stimulus properties that need to be communicated to CNS? Mnemonic?

A

MILD: modality (type of stim), intensity, location, and duration

40
Q

what are tonic receptors? phasic?

A

tonic receptors will fire AP’s as long as stimulus is still going on while phasic will fire AP’s the first time stimuli is detected

41
Q

what is feature detection theory

A

explains that certain parts of the brain are activated for specific visual stimuli (visual pathway)

42
Q

what is parallels processing

A

occurs so that many aspects of a visual stimulus is processes simultaneously rather than step by step

43
Q

what is proximal stimulus? distal?

A

proximal is what hits our receptors (sound waves) and distal is the object that we are sensing (guitar)

44
Q

what is gestalt psychology

A

we organize parts into a meaningful pattern for the whole. we see the whole not the parts

45
Q

depth perception helps us to judge

A

distance between us and objects, ability to see things in 3d even if images are imposed in 2d

46
Q

what is visual accommodation

A

our eyes reflexively change their optical power to maintain clear focus on an object as it moves towards or away from us

47
Q

what are the two binocular depth cues

A
  1. retinal disparity: the brain compares images presented on retina to see distance.
  2. convergence: the extent to which the eyes turn inward when looking at an object
48
Q

what is monocular cues

A

the depth cues that depend on info that is available to either eye alone

49
Q

what is interposition? relative clarity?

A

interposition: if an object blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer
relative clarity: we perceive hazy objects farther than clearer things

50
Q

what is texture gradient? relative height?

A

texture gradient: change from a coarse distinct texture to a fine texture indicates up distance

51
Q

what is relative height? linear perception?

A

relative height: objects higher in visual field as farther away
linear perception: parallel lines appear to converge as distance increase

52
Q

how does light and shadow affect visual perception? what is relative motion?

A

light and shadow: closer objects reflect more light than distant objects
relative motion: as we move, objects appear to move as well

53
Q

what is perceptual constancy? what are the three kinds?

A

perceptual constancy is when we perceive an object as unchanging even as the illumination, angle, and distance changes. the three are shape, size, and lightness

54
Q

where are rods located? what do they function for

A

they are located on periphery for our night vision and uses white and black

55
Q

where are cones located? what do they function for

A

located in fovea and detects color, red, blue, green

56
Q

what is broadbent filter model

A

when too much info is taken in, some makes it through our filter into our working memory and some decays. this is why we arent overwhelmed by too much stimuli.

57
Q

what is treisman attenuation model? define what makes it different?

A

same as broadbent filter but accounts for cocktail party effect which is the fact that we filter out info until we hear our name or other important thing is mentioned

58
Q

divide attention is another word for? what is important to note about this?

A

multitasking. it is easier to multitask doing similar tasks instead of many different taks

59
Q

what are schemas? a script?

A

schemas: a mental framework that allows us to organize our experiences/stimuli and respond to new experiences.
a script: a series of schemas you need to follow to accomplish something complex

60
Q

what is assimilation? accommodation?

A

assimilation: new instances of similar enough to use existing schema like bike is similar to unicycle
accommodation: schema must be changed to accommodate new instance

61
Q

what are the stages of piaget

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operation

62
Q

describe piagets stages and include age: sensorimotor

A

age 0-2 where child experiences world directly through senses, stranger anxiety occurs

63
Q

describe piagets stages and include age: preoperational

A

age 2-7 where child can represent things with words and images but uses intuitive reasoning. ego and symbolic thinking occurs here

64
Q

describe piagets stages and include age: concrete operation

A

age 7-11 where child thinks logically and performs simple mental manipulation. conservation occurs here

65
Q

describe piagets stages and include age: formal operation

A

ages 12-adult where person can reason abstractly and solve hypothetical problems. they have morals

66
Q

methods of problem solving: define all 3

A

algorithm: step by step that exerts all options
insight: when we think about a problems and a solution comes all at once
heuristic: a mental rule of thumb or short cut

67
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

we seek evidence to support our own conclusions

68
Q

what is fixation? functional fixedness? mental set? what are these things based on

A

fixation: we cant see the problem from a new perspective
functional fixedness: a mental bias that limits our views
mental set: our tendency to approach things a certain way.
THESE ALL RELATE TO CONFIRMATION BIAS

69
Q

what is availability heuristic?

A

this occurs when we rely on examples that immediately come to mind. we overestimate the probability of something happening

70
Q

what is representativeness heuristic

A

when we estimate the likelihood of an event happening by comparing it to an existing prototype that exists already in our minds

71
Q

what are the 2 kinds of intelligence? define them and who says we have 8 intelligences

A

fluid intelligence: reason abstractly
crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge
howard garner

72
Q

what is boot strapping? naming explosion?

A

boot strapping: kids become sensitive to grammatical syntax before they have vocab.
naming explosion: big increase in accurate vocab

73
Q

what are common toddler errors

A

overextension ( call all 4 legged animals dog) or under extension (only my dog is a dog)

74
Q

what is chomskys nativist theory

A

babies born with the innate ability to learn and use language

75
Q

what does brocas area deal with? damage here causes what?

A

language production and damage causes nonfluent aphasia

76
Q

what does wernickes area deal with? damage here causes what?

A

understanding language and damage causes fluent aphasia

77
Q

what is linguistic relativity

A

different structures and vocab of different languages strongly affect the thinking of those who use that language

78
Q

what is language determinism

A

language determines thought and emotions and linguistic categories and determine cognitive categories

mcat psych/soc lectures (7 decks)

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