lecture 7 Flashcards
what is reinforcement
anything that increases the likelihood of the desired behavior
what is punishment
anything that decreases the likelihood of the undesired behavior
what is positive reinforcement?
adds something like affection, food, or
what is negative reinforcement?
takes away something undesirable like stopping the shock
what is positive punishment?
adds something undesirable like pain and discomfort
what is negative punishment?
takes away something desirable like no video games and cell phone
avoidance behavior usually comes from
negative reinforcement
what is the dopamine reward pathway
the reward pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and connects to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
primary reinforcers and primary punishment change what
the rate of response WITHOUT previous learning
secondary reinforcers and secondary punishment is stimuli that
is learned to be rewarding and punishing
what is a token economy
a system of behaviors that are reinforced with tokens
what is continuous reinforcement? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?
reinforcer given after every single response, the response rate is slow but extinction rate is high. THIS IS BEST WAY TO TEACH NEW BEHAVIOR
what is fixed ratio? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?
reinforcer given after a set of # of responses. response rate: fast extinction rate: medium
what is variable ratio? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?
reinforcer given after a variable # of responses like gambling. response rate: fast and extinction rate is slow
what is fixed interval? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?
reinforcement given after a set amount of time. response rate: medium extinction rate: medium
what is variable interval? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?
reinforcer given after a variable amount of time. response rate: medium to fast and extinction rate is slow
what are biological predisposition
it is easier to condition an organism to perform a response that is similar to behaviors that are biologically inclined to perform
what is instinctive drift?
the tendency for certain conditioned behaviors to trigger similar instinctive behaviors. innate behavior can interfere with conditioned behavior
what is observational learning
biological processes that affect observational learning
what are mirror neurons
many brain neurons fire in the same pattern when we observe another perform a known action “monkey see monkey do”
what are vicarious emotion
mirror neurons also appear to be activated when we feel the emotional responses of other
what is insight learning?
a process in which the solution to a problem suddenly comes to us in what might be described as a flash of flash of insight
what is sensation?
the encoding of physical energy from the environment
what is perception?
the decoding of sensations
what is psychophysics
the study of how physical stimuli are translated into a psychological experience
what are types of stimuli? (state the receptors
mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptor, electromag receptor
prefrontal cortex has what functions?
verbal and motor and brocas area: speech production
parietal lobe has what functions?
sensory, body awareness
occipital lobe has what functions?
visual
temporal lobe has what functions?
hearing and wernickes area; lang comp, long term memory
what is agnosia
inability to process sensory info
cerebellum has what functions
balance, motor memory, movement
what is kinesthesis
proorioception, allows us to sense the position of out limbs in space
what does brain laterization state? what are the sides known for
left brain deals with right and vice versa. Left brain is logic and math while right brain is creative
what divides and how do the sides communicate with each other in the brain
corpus callosum
what is webers law
the size of the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the OG stimulus value
what is signal detection theory
a method for quantifying a person ability to detect a given stimulus amidst other non important stimuli (noise): hit, miss, false alarm, etc
what is ROC curve
tracks hit rate vs false alarm in order to graph the relative accuracy of different criteria
what are the four stimulus properties that need to be communicated to CNS? Mnemonic?
MILD: modality (type of stim), intensity, location, and duration
what are tonic receptors? phasic?
tonic receptors will fire AP’s as long as stimulus is still going on while phasic will fire AP’s the first time stimuli is detected
what is feature detection theory
explains that certain parts of the brain are activated for specific visual stimuli (visual pathway)
what is parallels processing
occurs so that many aspects of a visual stimulus is processes simultaneously rather than step by step
what is proximal stimulus? distal?
proximal is what hits our receptors (sound waves) and distal is the object that we are sensing (guitar)
what is gestalt psychology
we organize parts into a meaningful pattern for the whole. we see the whole not the parts
depth perception helps us to judge
distance between us and objects, ability to see things in 3d even if images are imposed in 2d
what is visual accommodation
our eyes reflexively change their optical power to maintain clear focus on an object as it moves towards or away from us
what are the two binocular depth cues
- retinal disparity: the brain compares images presented on retina to see distance.
- convergence: the extent to which the eyes turn inward when looking at an object
what is monocular cues
the depth cues that depend on info that is available to either eye alone
what is interposition? relative clarity?
interposition: if an object blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer
relative clarity: we perceive hazy objects farther than clearer things
what is texture gradient? relative height?
texture gradient: change from a coarse distinct texture to a fine texture indicates up distance
what is relative height? linear perception?
relative height: objects higher in visual field as farther away
linear perception: parallel lines appear to converge as distance increase
how does light and shadow affect visual perception? what is relative motion?
light and shadow: closer objects reflect more light than distant objects
relative motion: as we move, objects appear to move as well
what is perceptual constancy? what are the three kinds?
perceptual constancy is when we perceive an object as unchanging even as the illumination, angle, and distance changes. the three are shape, size, and lightness
where are rods located? what do they function for
they are located on periphery for our night vision and uses white and black
where are cones located? what do they function for
located in fovea and detects color, red, blue, green
what is broadbent filter model
when too much info is taken in, some makes it through our filter into our working memory and some decays. this is why we arent overwhelmed by too much stimuli.
what is treisman attenuation model? define what makes it different?
same as broadbent filter but accounts for cocktail party effect which is the fact that we filter out info until we hear our name or other important thing is mentioned
divide attention is another word for? what is important to note about this?
multitasking. it is easier to multitask doing similar tasks instead of many different taks
what are schemas? a script?
schemas: a mental framework that allows us to organize our experiences/stimuli and respond to new experiences.
a script: a series of schemas you need to follow to accomplish something complex
what is assimilation? accommodation?
assimilation: new instances of similar enough to use existing schema like bike is similar to unicycle
accommodation: schema must be changed to accommodate new instance
what are the stages of piaget
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operation
describe piagets stages and include age: sensorimotor
age 0-2 where child experiences world directly through senses, stranger anxiety occurs
describe piagets stages and include age: preoperational
age 2-7 where child can represent things with words and images but uses intuitive reasoning. ego and symbolic thinking occurs here
describe piagets stages and include age: concrete operation
age 7-11 where child thinks logically and performs simple mental manipulation. conservation occurs here
describe piagets stages and include age: formal operation
ages 12-adult where person can reason abstractly and solve hypothetical problems. they have morals
methods of problem solving: define all 3
algorithm: step by step that exerts all options
insight: when we think about a problems and a solution comes all at once
heuristic: a mental rule of thumb or short cut
what is confirmation bias?
we seek evidence to support our own conclusions
what is fixation? functional fixedness? mental set? what are these things based on
fixation: we cant see the problem from a new perspective
functional fixedness: a mental bias that limits our views
mental set: our tendency to approach things a certain way.
THESE ALL RELATE TO CONFIRMATION BIAS
what is availability heuristic?
this occurs when we rely on examples that immediately come to mind. we overestimate the probability of something happening
what is representativeness heuristic
when we estimate the likelihood of an event happening by comparing it to an existing prototype that exists already in our minds
what are the 2 kinds of intelligence? define them and who says we have 8 intelligences
fluid intelligence: reason abstractly
crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge
howard garner
what is boot strapping? naming explosion?
boot strapping: kids become sensitive to grammatical syntax before they have vocab.
naming explosion: big increase in accurate vocab
what are common toddler errors
overextension ( call all 4 legged animals dog) or under extension (only my dog is a dog)
what is chomskys nativist theory
babies born with the innate ability to learn and use language
what does brocas area deal with? damage here causes what?
language production and damage causes nonfluent aphasia
what does wernickes area deal with? damage here causes what?
understanding language and damage causes fluent aphasia
what is linguistic relativity
different structures and vocab of different languages strongly affect the thinking of those who use that language
what is language determinism
language determines thought and emotions and linguistic categories and determine cognitive categories
