lecture 3 Flashcards
social identities vs personal identities
social: religion, sex, occupation personal: reserved, funny, kind
impression management (self presentation)
the process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing the perceptions of others
dramaturgical perspective
stems from symbolic interactionism- we play different roles based on who we are with
back stage vs front stage
back: let down your guard and act like ourselves
front: we craft the way we come across to others
self concept (self id, self construction)
all your beliefs about who you are as an individual
personal id + social id=
self concept
self schemas
beliefs and ideas you have about yourself they guide and organize the processing of info that is relevant to you
self efficacy (high/low)
how good you think you are at doing something
high self efficacy: what you think youre good at
low self efficacy: what you think youre bad at
self clarity
having accurate assessments of self efficacy
locus of control (internal/external)
whether you think you have control over what happens to you
internal: you believe you have control
external: you believe you dont have control ex, surrounding, environment, god, luck
seligman experiment
exp on dogs exposed to an aversive stimulus (-)
control group 1: harnessed but no shock
control group 2: harnessed but could press lever to avoid shock
exp group: harnessed but had to endure shock
in seligman experiment, which group do you think when unharnessed would continue to take the shock
experimental due to learned helplessness (LOW SELF EEFICACY AND EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL)
aversive control
when behavior is motivated by the reality or threat of something unpleasant happening, achieved through avoidance conditioning or learning
escape behavior
termination of an unpredicted unpleasant stimulus that has already occured ex. bright light in face–> move head away
avoidance behavior
avoidance of a predictable unpleasant stimulus before its initiated ex. bright light and you know youre sensitive to light so you wear sunglasses
learned helplessness means
means they have been conditioned previously ex. obese person trying to lose weight and failed vs obese person just accepts it because its out of their hands because it depends on external fate
self esteem
beliefs about ones ones self worth
social learning theory or social cognitive theory
learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement ex. role model
reference group
a standard ex. med students, mcat test takers
social comparison theory
we all have a drive to gain accurate self evaluations by comparing ourselves to others. our identity will be shaped by these comparisons and the types of reference groups we have
affective is what
emotional
social identity theory: perspective taking
the ability to understand the cognitive and affective aspects of another persons POV: role taking
empathy is made up of
role/perspective taking and vicarious emotions
moral identity
the degree to which being a moral person is important to a persons identity
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development preconventional
age: toddlers and children stage: punishment and obedience and self interest why obey rules: to avoid punishment
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development conventional
age: most teens and adults stage: conforming and interpersonal accord and authority and social order why obey rules: for approval and maintain social order
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development postconventional
age: estimated only 15% of adult population stage: social control and universal principals why obey rules: individuals establishes own set of rules in accordance with personal ethical principles
social facilitation
mere presence effect, audience makes you perform better (FOR WELL PRACTICED TASKS)
social facilitation effect
tendency of performance to improve for simple, well ingrained tasks tends to NOT OCCUR for new complex tasks
hawthorne effect
knowing you are part of an experiment can alter your behavior
deindividuation
people engage in impulsive, deviant, and sometimes violent acts in moments of high arousal with a low degree of personal responsibility, we lose sense of restraint and our individual identity
bystander effect
most people are less likely to help a victim when other people are present
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency that the larger group, the less likely individuals in the group will act or take responsibility (let someone else do it)
social loafing
when people work in a group, each person is less likely to exert individual effort than if they were working independently
peer pressure
situations in which people feel directly or indirectly pressure to change their behavior to match that of their peers OCCURS ONLY IN SOCIAL GROUPS THAT ARE CLOSE IN AGE AND SHARE INTERESTS
group think
i when trying to reach a consensus, the group tends to not think critically of the alternative view points and this leads to internal/dysfunctional decision making, occurs when people are overly optimistic and demonize their opponents, people tend to censor themselves, PEOPLE NOT INGROUPS MAKE BETTER DECISIONS
group think is synonymous with
group conformity
group polarization
when people in a group agrees with the preexisting views of a group intensifying. the avg view moves to one pole (echo chamber) ex. i agree with abortion, in a group that believes in abortion, i become even more in agreence to abortion
conformity
you adjust your behavior or thinking based on the behavior or thinking of others
obedience
when people yield to explicit instructions or order from an authority figure
attribution theory
supposes that one attempts to understand the behaviors of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.
dispositional attribution
internal causes, this person cut me on the road because theyre an ass
situational attribution
external causes, this person cut me off because they need to poop
fundamental attribution error
when we attribute another person behavior to their personality
actor observer bias
when we attribute OUR OWN actions to situations (situational attribution) but attribute other peoples actions to their internal attribution/ personality
self serving bias
when we attribute our successes to ourselves and our failures to others
optimism bias
when we believe that bad things happen to other people but not ourselves
just world belief
when we believe that bad things happen to others because of their own actions or inactions
ultimate attribution error
the ultimate attribution error can occur to anyone but is especially likely for people who hold discriminatory views=prejudice in group member, you do something good its because youre a good person, you do something bad, youre the exception to the group. out group member, you do something bad, youre a bad person, you do something good, youre the exception in the group
ethnocentrism
my group is better than yours
self fulfilling prophecy
occurs when a person unknowingly and unintentionally causes something to happen due to the fact that they expect it to happen or unwittingly confirm a stereotype of themselves (it beings as a false definition and you evoke a new behavior and the definition becomes true)
stereotype threat
when people arein situations where they are at risk of conforming (-) stereotypes about their own social group
what occurs due to negative stereotypes
when this occurs, group members are likely to become anxious about their performance which may hinder their ability to perform at their max level
stereotype boost
when people perform better than they otherwise would have because of exposure to its positive stereotypes about their social group
persuation
a powerful way to influence what others think and do
what are the three key things of persuation
- message characteristics
- source characteristics
- target characteristics
message characteristics
the features of the message itself
source characteristics
the characterizes of the of the person or venue delivering the message
target characteristics
the features of the people receiving the message
what does elaboration likelihood model present
proposes 2 cognitive route of persuasion, the central route and the peripheral route
central vs peripheral route
central: people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself peripheral: people focus on the superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the orator
in central route what occurs
you have high motivation and ability to think about the message
in peripheral route
you have low motivation and ability to think about message
unwilling audience
have low motivation you need to use peripheral route
what was mary ainsworths conduct strange situation experiment
moms would temporarily leave their toddlers with an unfamiliar person and saw the way they reacted and attributed certain attachment styles in kids
babies with secure attachment style do
they happily explored their area when mom would be there but cried when she left and would only be consoled by mom
babies with insecure attachment styles do
toddlers have insensitive and inconsistently responsible caregivers and doesnt notice when mom left
ambivalent attachment style
when mom leaves baby cries loudly, when she comes back they remain upset and may cling onto mom and hit mom for leaving them
avoidant attachment style
baby seems indifferent to moms departure and return, while outside baby seems chill but psychological data shows that theyre stressed
disorganized attachment style
toddlers cannot predict the moms behavior which can include frightening gestures, abuse, and neglect
