lecture 2 Flashcards
what experimental designs include
-random sampling, ransom assignment, control of extraneous variables ex. what effects do scary movies have on cortisol levels
what non experimental designed include
-ethnographic studies, twin studies, case studies, observational studies ex. do people who watch scary movies have higher cortisol levels
between subjects vs within subjects
Between-subjects (or between-groups) study design: different people test each condition, so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface. Within-subjects (or repeated-measures) study design: the same person tests all the conditions
qualitative vs quantitative
quality/characteristics vs numerical values
mixed methods
both qualitative and quantitative
repeated measures
longitudinal studies
quasi-experiments
almost experimental
comparative methods
refers to quasi experimental that would qualify as true experimental design except theres no random assignment of subjects
internal validity
extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention
what are the common flaws to internal validity
-impression management: subjects adapt their responses based on research expectations
-confounding variables: outside variables not accounted for in the study
-lack of reliability
-sampling bias
-attrition effects: subject fatigue, people drop out of the study
experimental generalizability or external validity
extent to which findings can be generalized to the real world
threats to external validity
exp doesnt reflect the real world, sample not representative, situational effects, lack of statistical power
validity vs reliability
reliability is consistency where validity is does it measure what it claims to measure
construct validity
does it measure what it claims to measure
operational definition
how scientists operationalized/ defined the experimental variables
social institutions
standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve a societal value ex. airport, healthcare, religion, government
education is referred as the what and what is this caused by
education is referred to the great equalizer due to social mobility as education goes up income inequality goes down (-) correlation
hidden curriculum
unintentional lessons about norms, values, and beliefs
teacher expectancy
students tend to match a teachers expectations ex. teacher thinks youre bad at math so you dont try and are bad in math, when teacher thinks youre a good writer, you become a better writer
educational segregation
disparity between children from high income and low income neighborhoods
educational stratification
separation of students into groups based on academic achievements (remedial vs honors)
educational stratification
separation of students into groups based on academic achievements (remedial vs honors)
family
people set as socially defined set of relationship like birth, marriage, or adoption
religion
beliefs and practices related to the sacred