lecture 2 Flashcards
what experimental designs include
-random sampling, ransom assignment, control of extraneous variables ex. what effects do scary movies have on cortisol levels
what non experimental designed include
-ethnographic studies, twin studies, case studies, observational studies ex. do people who watch scary movies have higher cortisol levels
between subjects vs within subjects
Between-subjects (or between-groups) study design: different people test each condition, so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface. Within-subjects (or repeated-measures) study design: the same person tests all the conditions
qualitative vs quantitative
quality/characteristics vs numerical values
mixed methods
both qualitative and quantitative
repeated measures
longitudinal studies
quasi-experiments
almost experimental
comparative methods
refers to quasi experimental that would qualify as true experimental design except theres no random assignment of subjects
internal validity
extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention
what are the common flaws to internal validity
-impression management: subjects adapt their responses based on research expectations
-confounding variables: outside variables not accounted for in the study
-lack of reliability
-sampling bias
-attrition effects: subject fatigue, people drop out of the study
experimental generalizability or external validity
extent to which findings can be generalized to the real world
threats to external validity
exp doesnt reflect the real world, sample not representative, situational effects, lack of statistical power
validity vs reliability
reliability is consistency where validity is does it measure what it claims to measure
construct validity
does it measure what it claims to measure
operational definition
how scientists operationalized/ defined the experimental variables
social institutions
standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve a societal value ex. airport, healthcare, religion, government
education is referred as the what and what is this caused by
education is referred to the great equalizer due to social mobility as education goes up income inequality goes down (-) correlation
hidden curriculum
unintentional lessons about norms, values, and beliefs
teacher expectancy
students tend to match a teachers expectations ex. teacher thinks youre bad at math so you dont try and are bad in math, when teacher thinks youre a good writer, you become a better writer
educational segregation
disparity between children from high income and low income neighborhoods
educational stratification
separation of students into groups based on academic achievements (remedial vs honors)
educational stratification
separation of students into groups based on academic achievements (remedial vs honors)
family
people set as socially defined set of relationship like birth, marriage, or adoption
religion
beliefs and practices related to the sacred
democracy
Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so.
monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic, to fully autocratic, and can expand across the domains of the executive, legislative, and judicial
authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting.
totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and regulation over public and private life.
government
makes and reinforces the rules of a society and regulates relations with other societies
economy arranges
the production, the distributions, and consumption of goods services and resources
capitalism
private ownership
socialism
collective ownership
iron law of oligarchy
states all forms of organization develop oligarchic tendencies especially in large groups and complex organizations (ruling class, few people)
bureaucracy
negative thing. division of labor , hierarchical structure, impersonality, written rules
mcdonaldization
the principals of the fast food industry dominating other sectors of society where you get the same experience everywhere and goes with iron law of oligarchy
***higher efficiency, calculability, and use of non human labor
medicalization
things that doctors used to not help you with that now they do help you with ex. mental illness, drug addiction
medicalization can be good or bad examples
good: help you stop smoking
bad: gives you ssri’s for death in family
institutional discrimination
when a social structure engages in discriminatory practices against an individual or a group ( not a hospital or one location but bigger picture) ASSOCIATED WITH ADMIN RULES AND POLICIES MACRO
how is healthcare delivered availability and accessibility definitions
availability: does it exist in area without wait?
accessibility: do you have the resources to get this?
social epidemiology
study of social determinants of health and the use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in a population
social conditions
social determinants of health such as availability of food supplies, drug use, access to quality educations, unemployment, crime, etc
favorable conditional factors
improve the overall quality of life
social problem
social condition with a (-) impact
social isolation
complete or near complete lack of contact with others in society
socioeconomic gradient in health/social gradient in health theory
there exists a proportional increase in health and health outcomes as socioeconomic status increase
malthusian theory
overpopulation exceeds carry capacity leading to catastrophes
demographic transition theory
societies transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low death and birth rates
demographic transition theory pre industrial era
high birth and high death
demographic transition theory industrial era
high birth but death starts to decrease leading to increase in population
demographic transition theory post industrial
low birth rate and low death rate as population stabilizes
sex
biological classification
gender
personal identification
race
categorization based on phenotypic differences in skin, facial features, etc
ethnicity
population group whose members identify with each other based on nationality or shared cultural traditions
dependency ratio
ration between retired people/working people because US society are graying up more old people
residential segregation
physical set of groups into different areas, typically along the lines of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status
environmental injustice
low socioeconomic status and minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are
food desert
an area where healthy , fresh food is difficult to obtain
prejudice
preconceived judgements toward people based on their group membership BELIEFS NOT BEHAVIOR
discrimination
biased treatment of an individual based on group membership ACTION
social segregation
tendency of people from the same social groups to interact with each other and have less contact with people from other social groups
socioeconomic status
the social standing or class of an individual or group often measured as a combo of education, income, and occupation
absolute poverty
an inability to secure the basic necessities of life
relative poverty
inability to meet the avg standard of living defined by given society
caste system
lower social mobility less dependent on effort, status defined by birth
class system
some degree of social mobility, social system is determined by birth and merit
meritocracy
higher social mobility, more dependent on effort, based only on merit
social reproduction
when social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next, when parents social class is the same as your social class
opposite term for social reproduction
intergenerational social mobility
intergenerational social mobility
when people move up or down and social mobility comes from physical (house, car), cultural (looks, education), and social (rich, talented people)
