lecture 4 Flashcards
what is cognitive dissonance
we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs (cognition) that are incompatible or when when our attitudes and behaviors dont match
people are more likely to change what about their attitude or behavior
people are more likely to change their attitude to fit behavior than to change behavior to fit their attitude
what is attitude
our evaluation on a scale from + to - of other people, events, etc formed by our past and present experiences. they can be measured and can change
what are the three components of attitude
cognition: thoughts and beliefs
affect: feelings
behavior: our response
what is the ocean model
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
domain of human behavior
high and low of openness to experience
high: embraces new ideas, experiences
low: prefers familiarity over novelty, resistant to change
high and low of conscientiousness
high: values competence and order, manages time well
low: disorganized, irresponsible
high and low of extraversion
high: outgoing, talkative
low: loner
high and low to agreeableness
high: thinks of others, goes with flow
low: high maintenance
high and low to neurtisicm
high: bad emotions can be impulsive
low: experiences more good emotions and copes well with stress
what is myer briggs type indicator
personality assessment questionnaire, popular in corporate world
what is personality
our thoughts, feelings, ways of thinking about things, beliefs
perspective on personality: bio perspective
emphasis the internal physiological and genetic factors that influence personality
perspective on personality: trait perspective
people differ from one another based on the strength and intensity of basic trait dimensions
perspective on personality: life course perspective
a critical period in you life based on stress, trauma can affect personality
perspective on personality: psychoanalytic perspective
Freud focuses on the unconscious mind rather than your conscious. result of unconscious conflicts that stem from childhood
perspective on personality: humanist perspective
looking at someone as a whole, rather than looking at the small parts. IDEAL SELF= HAPPY
perspective on personality: behaviorist perspective
conditioning; emphasizes observable behavior and external simulation in environment. (reward/punishment)
perspective on personality: social cognitive
learning that occurs within a social context
libido or life drive
drives behavior focused on pleasure, survival, and avoidance of pain
death drive
drives dangerous or destructive behaviors and underlies the desire to hurt others . angel is super ego, Id= is devil (pleasure) and self is ego
what is Id
unconscious, seeks pleasure
what is ego
logical thinking with reality
what is super ego
strives for perfection
what are the stages of Freud stages of development
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
OLD AGED PRISONERS LOVE GRAPES
oral is what age and what erogenous zone
age of birth to 2 years old and zone is mouth
anal is what age and what erogenous zone
age of 2 to 3 years old and zone is anus
phallic is what age and what erogenous zone
age of 3 to 5 years old and zone is genitals
latency is what age and what erogenous zone
age of 5 to puberty and zone is None
genital is what age and what erogenous zone
puberty to adulthood and zone is potential sexual partners
what are erik eriksons stages of development
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- integrity vs despair
MY SEXY GIRL IN RED IS SUCKING DICK
trust vs mistrust what age and what outcome
age: infancy trust: needs met mistrust: needs not meet
autonomy vs shame is what age and what outcome
age: early childhood auto: self control shame: stay dependent
initiative vs guilt what age and what outcome
age: preschool ini: achieve purpose guilt: stuck on fails
industry vs inferiority what age and what outcome
age: school indust: gain competence infer: incompetent
identity vs role confusion what age and what outcome
age: teens iD: sense of self role con: lacks ID
intimacy vs isolation what age and what outcome
age: young adult intimacy: mature relationships isolation: unable to make relationships
generativity vs stagnation what age and what outcome
age: middle age gener: contribute to society stag: life is meaningless
integrity vs despair what age and what outcome
age: late age integrity: wisdom despair: unaccomplished
what stages are equivalent in eriks stages to Freud
first 5 are equivalent to freuds 5
humanist perspective
humans are driven by actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential and personality conflicts arise when this is somehow thwarted HUMANS ARE AWESOME
who is dude for humanist perspective
carl rogers
self concept
main goal of dvelopment
self actualization
more accomplished if parents show unconditional love. those who gave conditional love only feel self actualization in certain conditions
congruence
your self concept is aligned with your concept of you self actualized self
behaviorist perspective
personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on your environment
who is dude for behaviorist perspective
B F Skinner
behaviorists say people start as what?
blank slates and that reinforcement and punishment completely determines subsequent behavior
social cognitive perspective
result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
who is dude for social cognitive perspective
albert bandura
social cognitive perspective states that learning isnt just
learned by classical or operant conditioning but through observational learning
trait perspective
result of traits which are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that are relatively stable over time
what are cardinal traits
rare and develop later in life. a trait that becomes to dominant
what are central traits
general characteristics that show across different situations
what are secondary traits
traits related to attitudes and dependent on situations
biological perspective
result from difference in brain biology
what is behavioral genetics
a field which variation among individuals is separated into genetic vs environment like nature vs nurture, shared environment
heritability? what are usually subjects of these studies
a metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic difference. subjects are usually monozygotic twins, family studies, adoption studies.
motivation? what does it affect
the driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways. it affects: instincts, drives, needs, and arousal
drive reduction theory
intrinsic or internal motivation defined as a psychological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to address that need by engaging in some behavior that will reduce the arousal, + feedback loop
what is maslows pyramid? what school was his from
once the needs are met at the bottom, they will go up the pyramid. maslow was a humanist
what are the levels of maslows pyramid
bottom: physiological needs to safety needs to love and belonging to esteem needs to self actualization
emotions are made up of
physiological (body) behavioral (action) and cognitive (mental) needs
theories of emotion: james-lange
stimulus causes body response which causes emotion
theories of emotion: cannon-bard
emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously
theories of emotion: schachter-singer
emotion is determined by arousal and context
theories of emotion: optimal arousal theory
there is optimal level of emotional arousal for performance
universal emotions
emotions expressed by all humans across all cultures like happy, sad, fear, excited
stress and provide physiological responses
events that pose a threat to our physical or mental well being. high bp, high heart rate, high muscle tention cause by Symph NS
emotional responses vs behavioral
emotional: fear, anxiety, anger, etc while behavioral is crying, yelling, etc
general adaptation syndrome
describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
alarm is what
fight or flight cause by symph NS
resistance is what
adaptation caused by parasymph NS
exhaustion is
reduction of immune system, will occur if stress is chronic
