lecture 6 Flashcards
limbic system is located where? what is it associated with?
located on both sides of the thalamus. it is associated with emotions, memory, and motivation
thalamus relays what
info to different specific lobes but smell isnt relayed here
hypothalamus regulates what? what structures does it use to do this?
regulates homeostasis (-) feedback through ANS and pituitary gland
hippocampus
learning and memory. this is used for episodic and semantic memory
amygdala
fear and other (-) emotions
what side of the eye focuses on left side info
the right side of the eye and vise versa
ionic sensory memory
ionic=visual and it lasts about 200-300 ms
what is the sequence of structures that allows visual info to be taken in to CNS
eye, optic nerve, thalamus, then occipital lobe
what measurement techniques are used for function of the brain? which is best
PET, fMRI and EEG . fMRI is best. measures brain changes
what measurement techniques are used for structure of the brain?
MRI, CT scan, takes a picture of brain
changes in synaptic connections in the brain comes from
- neural plasticity
- long term potentiation
neural plasticity
changes in the brain due to learning, thinking, behavior, etc
long term potentiation
connections between neurons strengthen
systems consolidation
process of getting long term memories into you neocortex
what are the three steps of memory? define them
encoding: transfer of sensation into our memory system
storage: retaining info in short or long term
retrieval: extracting info that has been stored
multi store model is what
sensory memory that is unattended is lost but if its attended, it goes to short term if rehearsed, it goes to long term memory
serial position effects
the tendency to remember the first and last items of a list better than those in the middle . PRIMARY EFFECT (FIRST STUFF) AND RECENCY EFFECT (LAST STUFF)
how many items can people usually remember from a list
about 7 plus or minus 2
baddeleys model of working memory breaks down into
central executive to phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
what is central executive
responsible for coordination of subsystems shifting between tasks and attention
what is phonological loop? what memory does it store info to
short term with auditory rehearsal and sends it to semantic verbal memory
what is visuospatial sketchpad? what memory does it store info to
temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual info and sends it to semantic visual memory
what is episodic buffer? what memory does it store info to
info integration linking to long term memory and sends it to episodic memory
what is encoding? what does it encode?
it is the process of transforming info into a form that is easily stored in our brains. it encodes semantic (meaning), acoustic (sound), visual, and elaborative (association with previous long term mem)
what are the five encoding strategies?
rehearsal, chucking, elaboration, mnemonics and spacing
what is chunking
grouping related info together into chunks
what is elaboration
intertwining info using previous memory self reference
what is spacing
material learning spaced out
define sensory mem, ST mem, and LT mem
sensory: from our senses
ST: rehearsal buffer decays in ms and encoding is usually acoustic
Lt: permanent storage, encoding is usually semantic
long term memory is broken down into what? break it down even further if needed
LT memory is broken down into explicit memory and implicit memory. explicit is broken down into episodic and semantic. implicit is broken down into procedural, classical conditioning, and priming
what is explicit memory? implicit?
explicit: conscious recall (declarative)
implicit: unconscious recall (nondeclarative)
what is episodic memory? semantic?
episode: events you have personally experiences
semantic: your general knowledge of info/facts
what is procedural memory? what is priming
procedural: learning motor skills
priming: when exposure to one stimulus influences the response of another
what is spreading activation?
the name of the process that computes activation values over a set of chunks like doctor to health to drugs to plants
what is retrieval cues?
any stimulus that assists in memory retrieval
what is the encoding specificity effect? define
context dependent memory: better retrieving info when in same space where it was learned
state dependent memory:: better retrieving into when in same emotional state when it was learned
what is free recall? serial recall? cued recalled
free recall: unordered recall of any retrieved into
serial recall: remember the elements in a exact order
cued recall: prompted recall
what is recognition? relearning?
recognition: multiple choice test when seeing answers
relearning: easier to relearn something than to start from scratch
flashbulb memory? eidetic memory?
flashbulb: people can remember great detail about their episodic memory usually big high emotions
eidetic: photographic memory
reproductive memory?
accurate retrieval of info from memory without significant changes
what is dual coding theory? levels of processing model?
dual coding theory: theory that if you combine pictures with words, it helps with memory retrieval
levels of processing model: focuses on the depth of processing involved with memory. more deeper info, longer memory will last
what is reminiscence bump
older adults generally remember events they experiences from 10-30 years old better than other time period
method of loci? peg words?
method of loci: a method of memory retention in which the person uses spatial info to recall list of words
peg words: a mem technique where a person connects words to numbers and created association
what is intrusion errors? what is the reconstructive process?
intrusion errors: substitution of an often semantically meaning word during free or serial recall. (lion instead of tiger)
reconstructive process: each time memory is retrieved, the pathway gets stronger but things can get altered
what is displacement in memory
when remembering one item on a list removed another item on the list in memory
what causes forgetting in sensory, ST mem, and LT mem
sensory: info decays
ST: decay, intrusion, displacement
LT: all same at ST memory but with retrieval failure
what is trace delay theory? retrival failure?
trace delay: if you never use the path to rehearse the stimulus, youll forget it
retrieval failure: when you have info but dont have the right cue or content to access it
what is interference? define both kinds
interference is when competing material makes it hard to encode to retrieve it .
proactive: prior info interference
retroactive: recent info interference
what memories improve when we age?
semantic and emotional intelligence
what memories stay stable when we age?
implicit and crystallized mem (ability to retrieve info)
what memories declines when we age?
episodic, source, divided attention and processing speed
source monitoring error? false memories?
source monitoring: misIDing the origin of info
false memories: an invented or distorted recollect of event that didnt happen
misinfo effect
when episodic memories become less accurate because post event info works to distort actual event
anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia
antero: cant make new memories
retro: cant remember old ones
what is korsakoffs syndrome
lack of thiamine vitamin B1 , chronic memory disorder
what is nonassociative learning? what are the three kinds?
nonassociative learning is when an organism changes the magnitude of its response due to repeated exposure. there habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization
habituation
occurs when the response diminishes as person gets used to it
dishabituation
person who had gotten used to it, recovers its responsiveness
sensitization
increases responsiveness and arousal
what is classical learning/conditioning
a process in which 2 stimuli are paired in a way that the response to one of the stimuli changes
what is generalization
when stimuli other than OG stimuli elicit the conditioned response
what is discrimination in classical learning
when conditioned stimulus is distinguished from other similar stimuli and its the only thing that elicits the conditioned response
what is operant conditioning
a process in which reinforcement and punishment are employed to mold behavioral response
operant conditioning came from who? what did he believe?
BF skinner and believed that behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated and if not reinforced, it dies out
