LECTURE 6.1: MILL

Question 1

The beneficiary or recipient of the act is the moral agent himself; Any action that maximizes the good for oneself is right

Answer 1

Egoism

Question 2

Reciprocity version of egoism because when you are enjoined to do an act that will benefit another since you expect the person to do the same to you (e.g. The Golden Rule)

Answer 2

Enlightened Egoism

Question 3

Concerned with one’s own self-interest with his own happiness and pleasure; Other people’s interest is important only if it will contribute to the enhancement of one’s own self-interest.

Answer 3

Egoistic Hedonism

Question 4

Example of Egoistic Hedonism: You are enticed to maximize the pleasures of the moment, anticipation of future pleasures has no bearing on the present.

Answer 4

Cyrenaics of ancient Greece

Question 5

“Eat, drink and be ______, for tomorrow you might _____.”

Answer 5

merry ; die

Question 6

Thus, _______ is the supreme and only good in life. ______ is the only evil.

Answer 6

pleasure ; pain

Question 7

Absence of pain in both mind and body - highest pleasure

Answer 7

Epicurus

Question 8

“The ideal is a life of __________ and __________ spent in the company of friends speculating about nature and the cosmos.”

Answer 8

bodily health ; mental calm

Question 9

Freedom from fear/anxiety

Answer 9

Ataraxia

Question 10

Absence of bodily pain

Answer 10

Aponia

Question 11

Embraces a pluralistic definition of good (e.g. beauty, wisdom, knowledge, temperance, pleasure) and all of these must be maximized for everyone.

Answer 11

Non-hedonistic Utilitarianism

Question 12

Construed as the maximization of pleasure and the avoidance of pain in order to promote happiness or the good for greatest number.

Answer 12

Utilitarianism

Question 13

Happiness, becomes the ___________ __________ or the ultimate goal for utilitarian morality.

Answer 13

summum bonum

Question 14

Two types of Beneficiary of Utilitarianism

Answer 14

Limited and Universal Utilitarianism

Question 15

The act will benefit only a sector of the
population, an interest group or a class (this process may make other sectors worse)

Answer 15

Limited Utilitarianism

Question 16

The good must be maximized for all of humankind without discrimination.

Answer 16

Universal Utilitarianism

Question 17

Two Schools of Thought of Utilitarianism

Answer 17

Act and Rule Utilitarianism

Question 18

An act is right and wrong solely on the basis of the act alone.
- “Which action has the greatest potential for maximizing the good and minimizing pain?”

Answer 18

Act Utilitarianism

Question 19

Applies the principle of utility to general rules and not to specific acts.
- “What rules, if followed by everyone all the time, will maximize the good in the world?”

Answer 19

Rule Utilitarianism

Question 20

Lead to the maximum amount of happiness and utility for a maximum number of people, but once decided upon, the rules should apply without exception.

Answer 20

Moral Rules

Question 21

Instead of allowing people to make the decisions for themselves in each individual case due to:

Answer 21

1. Human Fraility
2. Poor Decision Making

Question 22

Teleologist/Consequentialist (the end of an action and its purpose should be based on its consequences)

Answer 22

John Stuart Mill

Question 23

Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Greatest Happiness Principle). By happiness is intended _____ and the absence of _____.”

Answer 23

pleasure ; pain

Question 24

What is good in any situation can be demonstrated and quantified in terms of the amount of pleasure that it could bring about

Answer 24

Hedonism

Question 25

Who created the Hedonic Calculus?

Answer 25

Bentham

Question 26

7 CRITERIA OF BENTHAM’S HEDONIC CALCULUS

Answer 26

1. Intensity
2. Duration
3. Certainty
4. Propinquity
5. Fecundity
6. Purity
7. Extent

Question 27

2 QUALITIES OF PLEASURE

Answer 27

1. Intellectual pleasures - mental pleasures
2. Physiological pleasures - bodily pleasures

Question 28

Mill: “It is better to be a ______________
dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be _________ dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.”

Answer 28

human being ; Socrates

Question 29

Mill: “Happiness is a good…,that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the _____________________, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.”

Answer 29

general happiness

Question 30

True or False:
Mill: “Each person’s happiness counts the same as everyone else’s.”

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or False:
Bentham: “Everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one.”

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Mill’s loophole: “All persons have a right to equality of treatment except when some recognized ____________________ requires the reverse.”

Answer 32

social expediency

Question 33

True or False:
The only test of the rightness or wrongness of the action is their tendency to promote the general happiness (the greatest happiness for the greatest number).

Answer 33

True