Lecture 6: The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

A

sequence of co-ordianted electrical and mechanical events that ensures effective cardiac pump function

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2
Q

what occurs during systole?

A

contraction

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3
Q

what occurs during diastole?

A

relaxation

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4
Q

what are the two atrioventricular heart valves? where are they located?

A

b/w the atria and ventricles
L side = mitral (Bicuspid)
R side = tricuspid

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5
Q

what are the outlet valves and where are they located?

A

b/w the ventricles and the major arteries
right heart = pulmonary semilunar
left heart = aortic semi lunar

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6
Q

are there valves between the atria and the great veins?

A

NO

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7
Q

describe the moment of valves ie/ when does a valve open/shut?

A

valve movement = passive

opens when pressure in the proximal chamber exceeds pressure in the distal chamber

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8
Q

what is the role of papillary muscles in reference to valves?

A

do not help close valvular orifice

prevent excessive bulging of valves into atrial chambers during ventricular contraction

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9
Q

what initiates contraction and the first step of the cardiac cycle?

A

SA node

p wave of atrial depolarisation

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10
Q

what is the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial systole - contraction of the atria completes ventricle filling

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11
Q

what is the a wave of an ecg and why does it occur during stage one of the cardiac cycle?

A

there are no valves between the atria and the great veins therefore some regurgitation occurs
a wave of venous pressure reflects atrial systole

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12
Q

how much blood does atrial contraction provide the ventricles at rest.

A

only about 20% active contraction
up to 80% of ventricular filling occurs due to venous pressure not the active contraction –> ventricle suck blood in
as heart rate increases, atrial contribution increases as there is less time for the heart to be in diastole and fill

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13
Q

what are the three phases of ventricular sysotle

A
  1. isovolumetric contaction
  2. rapid ejection
  3. reduced ejection fraction
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14
Q

describe what occus during isovolumetric contraction (ventricular systole)
describe the C wave during isovolumetric contraction

A

valve closed, pressure increases, no volume change.
the onset of ventricular systole causes increase in ventricular pressure.
depol associated with QRS

rise in pressure causes AV valve to close, pressure in ventricle still higher than in aorta so semilunar valves budge into the atria = C WAVE

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15
Q

what occurs during rapid ejection during ventricular systole

A

ventricular pressure increases above diastolic arterial pressure
semilunar valves OPEN –> blood up into arteries
initially very rapid about 50% of the blood

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16
Q

what occurs during the reduced ejection phase of ventricular systole?
describe the dichroic notch and T wave.

A

most blood already ejected (from rapid ejection)
almost 0 blood in ventricles but ventricle is still contracted
aortic pressure begins to fall as blood leaves the aorta faster than it enters, closure of the aortic semilunar valve.

transient dip in pressure due to closure of valve = dichroic notch
active contraction ceases, muscle re-polarises = T WAVE

17
Q

what marks the end of ventricular systole

A

the atrial V wave, build up of blood (from veins)

18
Q

a term associated with ventricular systole is the ESV, what does this mean?

A

End systolic volume = volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular systole

19
Q

a term associated with ventricular systole is the EDV, what does this mean?

A

End diastolic volume = volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular filling

20
Q

a term associated with ventricular systole is the SV, what does this mean?

A

stroke volume = volume of blood ejected, EDV - ESV

21
Q

a term associated with ventricular systole is the EJECTION FRACTION, what does this mean?

A

proportion of the EDV ejected

= SV/ EDV

22
Q

what are the three phases of ventricular diastole?

A
  1. isovolumetric relaxation
  2. rapid ventricular filling
  3. reduced filling
23
Q

what occurs during the isovolumetric phase of ventricular diastole?

A

following closure of outflow valves ventricle relax rapidly

but ventricle pressure still higher than atrial pressure so valves are closed

24
Q

what occurs during the rapid ventricular filling phase of ventricular diastole?

A

ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, AV valve open
atrial pressure falls rapidly –> blood into ventricle
assisted by elastic recoil of ventricular walls = sucking blood in

25
Q

what occurs during reduced filling?

A

ventricles relax completely and filling slows

26
Q

name three ways to measure the cardiac cycle

A
  1. pressure changes against time
  2. pressure volume loops
  3. volume changes against time
27
Q

what do pressure volume loops describe

A

changes occurring in disease states that affect filling or pumping –> used to measure cardiac function

28
Q

the heart is a single electrical system so mechanical events occur simultaneously on both sides,
what is the major difference between the right and left heart?

A

magnitude of systolic pressures

lungs have a much lower resistance to flow, therefore a decreased arterial pressure is required.

29
Q

what is associated with the first heart sound?

A

associated with closure of AV valve

30
Q

what is associated with the second heart sound?

A

closure of the outlet valves

31
Q

what is associated with the third heart sound?

A

vibrations of ventricle wall due to blood entering PASSIVELY

–> generally weak and hard to hear except in horses

32
Q

what is associated with the fourth sound?

A

occurs with atrial contractions –> hearing blood enter ventricle actively.
stiff heart in small animal –> might hear better

33
Q

what is a murmur caused by?

A

turbulent blood flow

34
Q

what can murmurs reflect?

A

valve defects

35
Q

what is stenosis?

A

narrowing of the office so that flow through the narrowed orifice is turbulent

36
Q

what is valve incompetence?

A

valve leaking when they’re closed

resulting in regurgitation of blood

37
Q

what is a galloping rhythm?

A

a splitting of the first or second heart sound

38
Q

what are some measurements of the hearts performance?

A

stroke volume
heart rate
cardiac output