L28: Diseases Pericardium and Endocardium Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 3x functions of mesothelial cells

A
  • secrete serous fluid
  • When activated can phagocytose/ produce plasminogen activator to generate plasmin and rid of fibrous exudate
  • Can beat irritation by sloughing, hypertrophying, hyperplasia, metaplasia
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2
Q

why do we have a pericardial sac?

A

maintain hydrostatic pressure on ventricles at diastole

prevent sudden dilation chambers

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3
Q

what is constrictive heart disease and which chamber is most at risk?

A

myocardium is restricted from filling.

Particularly RV because its a weakling

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4
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac

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5
Q

What factor is most important in regard to the severity of cardiac tamponade?

A

the rate of fluid accumulation, not the volume of fluid itself!

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6
Q

what kind f heart failure is likely to result from cardiac tamponade?

A

R sided congestive heart failure (RV is weak)

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7
Q

How might hydropericardium develop?

A

hypoalbuminaemia
Local venous/ lymphatic obstruction
INC vascular permeability (renal failure, endothelial cell damage)

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8
Q

Why is haemopericardium commonly fatal?

A

usually big, quick bleeds into pericardial sac, e.g. rupture of coronary vessel etc.

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9
Q

What are some common causes of haemopericardium?

A
rupture of coronary vessel 
Haemangiosarcoma rupture 
In horses, quick transitory rises in BP can cause rupture of intra-pericardial aorta, pulmonary artery 
Hardware Dx 
Trauma
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10
Q

What are the 2x major forms of pericarditis seen in domestics ?

A

Fibrinous (inflammation of parietal/ visceral pericardium, accumulation exudate) due to bacteraemia/ virus/ parasite

Suppurative (high volume exudate, immune cells release free radicals + proteases, tissue damage)

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of suppurative pericarditis ?

A

Hardware Dz

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12
Q

What affects cardiac function more, suppurative or fibrinous?

A

Suppurative
Often quicker onset, + immune cell free radicals + never completely resolves (granulation tissue/ fibrosis -> pericardial sac replaced with dense scar tissue)

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13
Q

What does serous atrophy of epicardial fat indicate?

A

Very anorexic animal –> has recently mobilised epicardial fat deposites

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14
Q

What is gout?

A

deposition of urate crystals + inflammation (e.g. due to excess protein, severe dehydration, renal nephrosis) in reptiles & birds

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15
Q

What PM artefacts might you find in an animal’s pericardial sac/

A

crystals in pericardial sac if euthanised intra-cardiac and some spilled out (barbiturates)

Pericardial membranes discoloured due to lysing of RBC

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16
Q

Where is the endocardium found

A

vascular endothelium lining the inside chambers of the heart

17
Q

Diffuse/ focal milky areas of the endocardium might indicate what?

A

damage + healing –> subendocardial fibrosis

18
Q

What is a jet lesions and where are they commonly found

A

Linear localised fibrosis due to trauma from jets of blood

Valve insufficiency

19
Q

why might mineral be deposited in the endocardium?

A

dystrophic mineralisation (mineral deposits in necrotic tissues)

Metastatic mineralisation (inc blood conc Ca, PO3-)

20
Q

What is endocardiosis?

A

Myxomatous (degeneration CT) degeneration of heart valves :(
V common in dogs

21
Q

Provide some aetiopathogenses for endocardiosis in dogs

A

Inherited (cavalier, dachshunds)

Heart valve disease

Inherited CT disorder

22
Q

Which heart valve is most commonly affected with endocardiosis

A

mitral

23
Q

what gross lesions suggest endocardiosis

A

thickened valve leaflets
+ fibroelastic tissue
nodules

24
Q

What are potential consequences of mitral/ tricuspid endocardiosis?

A

Generally the heart compensates …

valve insufficiency > regurgitation > volume overload on atrium @ systole > volume overload ventricle @ diastole > eccentric hypertrophy

25
Q

what is endocarditis ?

A

inflammation endocardium

26
Q

what is the most common cause of endocarditis

A

inflammation
thrombosis
bacterial colonies

27
Q

What species are most commonly seen with endocarditis

A

horses & pigs

28
Q

Where are most endocarditis lesions located?

A

LHS
at Valve leaflets towards blood flow
Horses –> aortic valve

29
Q

What are potential consequences of valvular endocarditis?

A

often fatal because lead to stenotic/ insufficient valves and eventually lead to heart failure