Lecture 10: Clinical Investigation of the CV system Flashcards
what is important to include in your physical examination of the cardiovascular system?
RMEPFCTA
R - respiration at rest
M - mucous membranes
E - external jugular vein exam
P - precordial palpation for cardiac apex beat
F - femoral arterial pulse evaluation (strength & reg)
C - cardiac and lung auscultation
T - thoracic precussion
A - abdominal palpation for hepatomegaly and ascites
what is the S1
caused by closure of AV valves at beginning of systole
lower and longer pitch than S2
what are pathologic conditions of S!
split S1 can be heard with conduction alterations, ventricular premature contractions or normal in large resting dog
what is the S2
caused by closure of outlet valves at end of systole
heard loudest over aortic arch
shorter and higher pitched than S1
pathologic conditions of S2
split S2 can occur due to delayed closure of pulmonic valve = pulmonary hypertension, right bundle branch block, ventricular premature beats, pulmonic stenosis
what is S3
passive filling of ventricles
pathologic conditions of s3
in dogs s3 associated with myocardial failure or severe mitral regurg.
what is s4
caused by atrial contraction at the end of diastole
pathology of s4
can be osculated in dogs and cats when atria dilate in response to ventricular stiffness such as in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
systolic murmur
b/w S1 and S2
diastolic murmur
b/w S2 and S1
holosystolic murmur
can occur throughout systole but with both S1 and S2 still audible
pan systolic murmur
occur throughout systole but S1 and S2 not audible
diastolic murmur
usually heard in early diastole (just after S2) or through diastole
intensity
mild - hear both heart sounds and murmur in b/w
moderate - can’t hear heart sound but hear murmur
severe - can palpate
