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Cardiovascular System > L25: Congenital Anomalies > Flashcards

L25: Congenital Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common congenital cardiac anomalies in dogs?

A

PDA, pulmonic stenosis, subaortic stenosis, mitral/tricuspid valve dysplasia, persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

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2
Q

What are the most common congenital cardiac anomalies in catties?

A

Mitral/ tricuspid valve dysplasia
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Excessive moderator bands in L ventricle

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3
Q

What are the most common congenital cardiac anomalies in piggies?

A

subaortic stenosis, endocardial cushion defects

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4
Q

What are the most common congenital cardiac anomalies in cattle?

A

ASD, VSD
transposition of major vessels
Valvular haemocysts

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5
Q

What are the most common congenital cardiac anomalies in horses?

A

VSD

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6
Q

What are the most common locations for an ectopic heart?

A

pre-sternal sub-cut

intra-abdominal pre-sternal

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7
Q

What is generally the significance of a lack of parietal pericardium?

A

generally asymptomatic

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8
Q

Describe the blood supply of a foetus

A

O2 blood from maternal placenta > L umbilical vein > through ductus venosus of liver > caudal VC, R atrium > foramen ovale > L atrium > LV > aortic arch > systemic circulation, but preferentially to myocardium & brain

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9
Q

How does foetal blood flow change after birth?

A

lungs inflate > O2 induced vasodilation pulmonary arteries > abrupt drop in pulmonary arterial pressure so DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS is bypassed and blood from RV flows to lungs

Inc pressure + volume in LA, LV, aorta due to return of blood from lungs bypasses FORAMEN OVALE

Functional closure of DUCTUS VENOSUS

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10
Q

How soon after birth does the patent ductus arteriosus close in foals and calves?

A

Foal >1 week
Calves 2-3 weeks

So might be normal to heart heart murmur!

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11
Q

Which species is a patent foramen ovale a common finding? is it significant ?

A

ruminants

Generally too small to be classified as a true atrial septal defect

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12
Q

Describe an uncomplicated PDA

A

L to R shunt develops as blood from the aorta goes into pulmonary artery

EXTRA blood back to LA = dilation, causes volume overload on LV –> ECCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY

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13
Q

What does an uncomplicated PDA sounds like

A

constant murmur during systole and diastole

“washing machine murmur”

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14
Q

What are some adverse effects of having an uncomplicated PDA

A

dilation of arteries
eccentric hypertrophy of LA –> pulm hypertension developing
Risk of thrombosis due to turbulence

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15
Q

What makes an uncomplicated PDA a complicated PDA?

A

a larger calibre ductus –> more blood shunting –> increasing pressure so that pulm artery > aorta

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16
Q

Describe a complicated PDA?

A

pulm pressure > aortic pressure
REVERSAL OF SHUNT: now goes right to left
–> venous blood bypass the lung –> goes into aorta –> generalised cyanosis to hindquarters. forelimbs maintained by subclav artery

17
Q

What are some clinical signs of a complicated/ large calibre PDA that has reversed?

A

Shunting during systole

Deoxygenated blood circulates to cause cyanosis of caudal end, because the brachio trunk and R subclav come off proximal to the foramen so still receive O2 blood

18
Q

What is the difference between an osmium premium and osmium secondum in terms of atrial septal defects?

A

ostium primum is small and low, secondum is larger

19
Q

What generally happens to the patent foramen ovael after birth? is it considered a true ASD?

A

functionally closes at first breath due to a drop in pressure at the RA & an increase in pressure at the LA. flap gets pushed over to cover other flap
not true ASD

20
Q

What adverse effect can an atrial septal defect cause ?

A

shunting of blood from LA to R –> inc central venous pressure –> volume overload on RA and RV –> eccentric hypertrophy

21
Q

What are some common consequences of a ventricular septal defect ?

A

Depends on location & diameter.

Large= L to right shunting (LV v high pressure –> RV volume overload during diastole –> pressure equilibrations

22
Q

Do septal defects eventually close? how?

A

yeah, due to hypertrophy and fibrosis (healing of damage done due to turbulence)

23
Q

What are endocardial cushion defects?

A

Poor cardiac development into the 4 correct chambers :(

24
Q

what are some common defects associated with endocardial cushion defects?

A

High VSD, low ASD
Dysplasia of mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets
common atrioventricular canal

25
Q

What is a persistent trunks arteriosus?

A

incomplete separation of the trunk that should form the aorta and pulmonary artery

26
Q

What is an overriding aorta?

A

one that straddles a VSD so receives blood from both RV and LV

27
Q

What is the tetralogy of fallot? (hint: 3 primary defects, 1 2ary)

A
  1. VSD
  2. Pulmonic stenosis
  3. Overriding aorta
  4. Concentric hypertrophy of RV due to systolic pressure overload
28
Q

What are some clinical consequences of tetralogy of fallot

A

huge exercise intolerance, cyanosis, growth retardation

29
Q

What are some consequences of pulmonic stenosis?

A

Dilation of pulmonic artery

Pressure overload RV @ systole, concentric hypertrophy

30
Q

What are some consequences of subaortic stenosis?

A

Fibrosis and narrowing under aortic valve –> dilation aorta post stenosis –> pressure overload LV during systole –> concentric hypertrophy

31
Q

What are some consequences of mitral valve dysplasia?

A

mitral valve stenosis or insufficiency

Causes volume overload on LA/ LV –> dilation & eccentric hypertrophy –> +/- left sided congestive heart failure

32
Q

What are some consequences of tricuspid valve dysplasia?

A

Tricuspid valve stenosis or insufficiency

Causes volume overload on RA/ RV –> dilation & eccentric hypertrophy –> +/- R side heart failure

33
Q

What is the most common vascular ring anomaly in animals

A

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA).

Common in dogs and cattle

34
Q

How does a persistent right aortic arch cause clinical signs in an animal?

A

oesophagus becomes trapped against trachea –> megaoesophagus cranially –> regurgitation of food –> +/- aspiration pneumonia

35
Q

What is endocardial fibroelastosis?

A

subendocardial collagen and elastic deposition –> prominent growths –> reduced compliance

Burmese kittens

36
Q

In which species are congenital valvular cysts common?

A

Calves, alpaca crias, llama crias

37
Q

what is the common gross appearance of a congenital valvular cyst ?

A

generally blood filled lil cystie

Cardiovascular System (38 decks)

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