Lecture 6 - Pathology of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis

Question 1

Small areas of ischemia/infarct in the heat muscle can become foci for _______.

Answer 1

Arrhythmias

Question 2

In cardiac hypertrophy, how do the nuclei of cardiomyocytes change?

Answer 2

They become larger and polyploid.

Question 3

In acute Cor Pulmonale, the right ventricle will _____ but not _____. In chronic Cor pulmonale, it will do both.

Answer 3

Dilate Hypertrophy

Question 4

Hyaline Arteriosclerosis is caused by three main things. What are they?

Answer 4

Hypertension Aging Diabetic microangiopathy

Question 5

_______ arteriosclerosis occurs when there is SEVERE hypertension. The blood vessels have an onion skin appearance bc of smooth muscle proliferation, basement membrane and fibrin deposition.

Answer 5

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis

Question 6

Are males or females at greater risk for Atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

Males

Question 7

Response to injury hypothesis: An attempt to heal endothelial injury follows a process that begins with clumping of ______ cells and upregulation of Ahesion molecules to their surface –> which causes adhesion of inflammatory cells. The big issue is that lipids migrate between these cells as they form spaces between them, and macrophages gobble up the lipids as they become oxidized by inflammatory factors. These macrophages are called ____ cells, which eventually apoptose, and release the lipids into the artery wall.

Answer 7

Endothelial cells Foam cells

Question 8

Keep in mind ________ disturbances (namely, turbulent flow) can cause atherosclerosis.

Answer 8

Hemodynamic disturbances (namely turbulent flow)

Question 9

The anatomy of an Atheroma is as follows: The core is composed of necrotic _____ with ____ cells and cholesterol crystals. The Shoulders are composed of SMCs, macs, and T-cells. The Superficial Fibrous cap.

Answer 9

necrotic Lipids

Foam cells

Question 10

Plaques are considered vulnerable when the fibrous cap is _____ (thick or thin?). Also, the more inflammation there is, the more degrading and remodling of the fibrous cap takes place –> more likely to rupture.

Answer 10

Thin

Question 11

When stenosis reaches _____% of the blood vessel, angina is experienced on exertion. At what percent stenosis is agina experienced at rest?

Answer 11

70%

90%