Lecture 6: Ophthalmology Flashcards
what is vision
process of using light to crate ability to see, eye captures, brain decodes
what do we need to know in hx to categorize lesion
- Location
- Duration
- Progression
what CN being tested with menace
2 and 7
t or f: only 80% of normal cats will blink
true
what CN being tested in PLR
2 and 3
what % constriction should you expect in consensual eye during PLR
50%
what CN is dazzle testing
2 and 7
why is dazzle useful
if fully blind and can’t see pupils- cataracts, corneal edema then will still squint
what wrong
cataract and tooth root abscess
what genetic condition is this
microphthalmia
what wrong
Phthisis bulbi- small acquired globe
What wrong
proptosis- protrusion of globe outside bony orbit
what wrong and what could cause
exophthalmos- anterior displacement of glove
Causes: abscess, mass, hemorrhage
what wrong and what cause
enophthalmos- posterior displacement of the globe
Causes: pain, loss of SNS tone
what wrong and what cause
Buphthalmic- enlargement of globe
Causes: glaucoma, mass
What wrong
Enophthalmos- posterior displacement of globe
what wrong
exophthalmos
what is nystagmus
rapid movement of eyes (neuro)
what breed is nystagmus and stabismus genetic in
Siamese
what is physiological nystagmus
normal movement/tracking with head turning
what is positional nystagmus
only noted in certain positions (usually upside down)
what is strabismus
misalignment of eyes
Define belpharospasm
squinting
what is palpebral fissure
eyelid opening
what is the canthus
upper and lower eyelids meet
eyelid tumors are usually benign in __ and malignant in __
dogs, cats
what wrong
chalazion- impacted/infected meibomian gland
What wrong
Blepharitis- inflammation of eyelid
Dog what wrong
Meibomian gland adenoma
what wrong
horners- ptosis, mitosis,
what is lagophthalmos and what is cause
incomplete closure of eye
Genetic/brachiocephalic
Neurological deficit CN7
what wrong
Blepharoedema: swelling of eyelids
what wrong
Distichia- har growing abnormally from eyelid
what wrong
Ectopic cilia- hair growing in abnormal location
What wrong
nasal trichiasis- hair from nasal folds irritating the eye
wht Wrong
Entropion- rolling in of the eyelid
what wrong
ectropion- rolling out of the eyelid
What wrong
conjunctival hyperemia
what wrong
conjunctival hemorrhage
What wrong
chemosis
what wrong and what indicative of vs conjunctiva hyperemia
sclera’s injection- deep disease
what wrong
cherry eye-3rd eyelid protrusion
what wrong
Third eyelid mass- hemangiosarcoma
What wrong with cats right eye and what diseases associated
miosis- constricted pupil
Corneal ulcer, uveitis
what diseases are mydriasis associated with
glaucoma, iris atrophy
what is aniscoria
different sized pupils
what these
Iris nevus or freckle
what wrong and what are some causes
iris melanomas
Genetic or secondary to uveitis
what wrong
uveal cyst- benign
what wrong, cause and what lead to
Iris atrophy- benign, common in older dogs
Leads to absent/decreased PLR
what this and what caus
Persistent pupillary membranes- congenital
t or f: diffuse iris melanoma can be differentiated from diffuse melanosis (benign)
false
what wrong
Nodular pigmented melanoma and focal melanosis
what this
superficial neovascularization of cornea
what this and what does it indicate
deep/stromal neovascularization- indicates deeper disease
what this
corneal ede,a
what wrong
Corneal scaring/fibrosis
what wrong
hyperpigmentation due to chronic irritation from nasal trichasis
what wrong and what does it indicate
hyperpigmentation- chronic inflammation
dog- what wrong
Pannus/granulation tissue
cat-what wrong
eosinophilic keratitis
What wrong
minerals deposits
what wrong
lipid deposit
what are some signs of anterior uveitis
miosis, aqueous flare, hypopyon, hyphema
what is aqueous flare
proteins in the anterior chamber
what this indicate
Positive aqueous flare- anterior uveitis
what wrong
hypopyon- WBCs in anterior chamber
what wrong
hyphema- RBC;s in anterior chamber
what wrong
Keratin precipitates- WBCs and fibrin stuck to back of cornea
what wrong
Dyscoria- irregular pupil shape
what wrong
anterior synechiae- adhesions of iris to cornea
What wrong
posterior synechaie- iris attached to lens
what wrong
asteroid hyalosis- benign degenerative eye condition of gel like vitreous
identify 1-4
- Vessels
- Tapetum
- Optic disk
- Pigmented retina
what wrong
retinal detachment- you can see fundus without any equipment and bubbles with equipment
what wrong and what should you check
retinal hemorrhage
Check BP
what wrong and what signs o
signs of systemic disease- hyporeflective areas= WBCs, granuloma
what is the outer lipid layer responsible for in tear production and what glands
meibomian glands, prevents evaporation
what glands in middle aqueous layer and what is function with tear production
lacrimal and nicitans gland
Lubrication and nutrition
what makes up inner mucin layer and what is function for tear production
goblet cells- anchors film and enzymes/proteins/ WBCs
what does schirmer tear test measure
aqueous reflex tearing
t or f: do not put any medications, stain or do tonometry before STT
true
what is normal STT
> 15mm in 60 seconds
in a dog a low STT may indicate
keratoconjunctivitis sicca= dry eye
decreased STT in cats is due to
feline herpes virus or stress/ fear
excessive tearing >25mm/min may indicate
pain, poor tear film quality
what wrong and what would you expect STT to be
Keratoconjunctivits sicca- green mucoid d/c
Low STT
if you see green mucoid d/c from eye what should you do next
STT
in dogs with KCS, corneal ulcers persist or progress due to __
lack of tear nutrients
what does fluorescein stain look for
loss of corneal epithelium- ulcer
what do you need to evaluate fluorescein stain
blue light or black light/cobalt
identify ulcers 1-6
- Superficial ulcer
- Desmetocele- deep ulcer
- Indolent ulcer
- Corneal perforation
- Melting ulcer- severe
- Deep or stromal ulcer
what drug is used for therapeutic for diagnostic dilation of pupils
diagnostic: tropicamide
Therapeutic: atropine
tropicamide is CI in who
glaucoma=- increase IOP
atropine contraindicated in who
KCS- decrease tears
Glaucoma- increase IOP
Direct ophthalmoscopy allows for examination of
cornea, lids, anterior chamber and fundus with magnification
indirect ophthalmoscopy allows for examination of
entire fundus quickly
what are advantages of direct ophthalmoscopy
greater magnification= greater detail
Options
what are disadvantages of direct ophthalmoscopy
small field of view
Short working distance
Lack of stereopsis
Difficulty examining the peripheral fundus
Greater distortion
what are the advantages of indirect ophthalmoscopy
larger field of view for fundus, larger and safer working distance, stereopsis, ability to see through cloudy media
what are some disadvantages of indirect ophthalmoscopy
larger learning curve, less magnification of structures= less detail
what is normal IOP
10-25mmHg
increase IOP=__
glaucomas
what is considered increase in IOP
> 25-30mmHg, but anything >20mmHg suspicious
what does a decrease IOP mean
suggests uveitis
what is proparacaine used for
topical anesthetic for tonopen, painful eye, corneal debridement, remove FB
proparacaine is not for therapeutic use as it is
toxic to corneal epithelium
