Lecture 1: Small Animal Cardiology

Question 1

Where do you auscultate for pulmonary valve

Answer 1

Left side of thorax, 3rd intercostal space

Question 2

Where do you auscultate for aortic valve

Answer 2

Left side of thorax, 4th intercostal space

Question 3

Where do you auscultate for mitral valve

Answer 3

Left side of thorax, 5th intercostal space

Question 4

Where do you auscultate for tricuspid valve

Answer 4

Right side of thorax, 5th intercostal space

Question 5

What is S1 heart sound

Answer 5

Atrioventricular valve closure

Question 6

What is S2 heart sound

Answer 6

Semilunar valve closure

Question 7

What is S3 heart sound

Answer 7

Ventricular filling

Question 8

What is S4 heart sound

Answer 8

Atrial contraction

Question 9

What is normal HR for dogs

Answer 9

60-160bpm

Question 10

Tachycardia is HR >__in dogs

Answer 10

180

Question 11

What is average HR of cat in hospital

Answer 11

190

Question 12

What is considered bradycardic for cat in hospital

Answer 12

<160

Question 13

What is considered tachycardia for cat in hospital

Answer 13

> 240

Question 14

What is the point of maximal intensity for murmur

Answer 14

Loudest audible sound

Question 15

What valves compose the base of the heart

Answer 15

Semilunar (aortic/pulmonary)

Question 16

What valves compose the apex of the heart

Answer 16

Atrioventricular (mitral/ tricuspid)

Question 17

What is a grade 1/6 heart murmur

Answer 17

Faint murmur, continues into systole beyond first heart sound. Less than normal heart sounds early systolic

Question 18

What is a grade 2/6 heart murmur

Answer 18

Slight murmur, heart sounds louder than murmur. Isolated to 1 region

Question 19

What is a grade 3/6 heart murmur

Answer 19

Moderate intensity, heart sounds heard, radiates to both sides of chest

Question 20

What is a grade 4/6 heart murmur

Answer 20

Loud, no normal heart sounds detected

Question 21

What is a grade 5/6 heart murmur

Answer 21

Very loud, palpable thrill

Question 22

What is a grade 6/6 heart murmur

Answer 22

Loudest possible, murmur identified when remove stethoscope off chest

Question 23

What cardiac phase are atrioventricular valve murmurs in

Answer 23

Systole

Question 24

What phases of heart sounds does an atrioventricular valve murmur continue through

Answer 24

S1 to S2

Question 25

What cardiac phase do semilunar valve murmurs take place in

Answer 25

Systole

Question 26

Where is murmur detected for semilunar valve murmurs

Answer 26

Between S1/S2

Question 27

T or F: acquired semilunar ejection murmurs are rare in animals

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are some causes of congenital semilunar ejection murmurs in dogs

Answer 28

Aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect

Question 29

What are some causes of acquired semilunar ejection murmurs in cats

Answer 29

HCM

Question 30

What are some causes of congenital semilunar ejection murmurs in cats

Answer 30

Aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect

Question 31

What valves do diastolic murmurs occur at

Answer 31

All 4

Question 32

Where is murmur detected for diastolic murmurs

Answer 32

Between S2 and S1

Question 33

What is pulse pressure

Answer 33

Pressure difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (mmHg)

Question 34

What is the normal femoral pulse pressure

Answer 34

120/80mmHg

Question 35

What is the normal range for pulse pressure

Answer 35

30-50mmHg

Question 36

When is a femoral pulse considered weak

Answer 36

<25% of systolic value

Question 37

What can cause weak femoral pulses

Answer 37

Hypotension and aortic stenosis

Question 38

Diastolic pressure is ___when there are bounding femoral pulses

Answer 38

Low

Question 39

What can cause bounding femoral pulses

Answer 39

PDA and aortic insufficiency

Question 40

What limbs do the black, white, and red electrode leads go on

Answer 40

Black- left front White- right front Red- left back

Question 41

What does P wave signify

Answer 41

Atrial depolarization

Question 42

What does P-R interval signify

Answer 42

Delay in the AV node

Question 43

What does the QRS signify

Answer 43

Ventricular depolarization

Question 44

What does the ST wave signify

Answer 44

Full depolarization

Question 45

What does the T wave indicate

Answer 45

Ventricular repolarization

Question 46

What is the normal paper speed (time) from P wave to T wave

Answer 46

50mm/sec

Question 47

What is the double amplitude/sensitivity on electrocardiography

Answer 47

20mm/mV

Question 48

What is the full amplitude/ sensitivity on electrocardiography

Answer 48

10mm/mV

Question 49

What is the half amplitude/sensitivity on electrocardiography

Answer 49

5mm/mV

Question 50

What interval in electrocardiography indicates the HR

Answer 50

R-R interval

Question 51

How do you determine size of Doppler cuff

Answer 51

30-40% circumference of cuff site

Question 52

How do you perform Doppler

Answer 52

1. Inflate cuff until signal is no longer noted 2. Further inflate ~20mmHg beyond this point 3. Deflate cuff until Doppler signal returns—>systolic BP

Question 53

T or F: when performing a Doppler BP best to obtain 5-7 consistent readings and take average. Through out first measurement

Answer 53

True

Question 54

What is VHS

Answer 54

Vertebral heart score

Question 55

If the Doppler BP if too wide readings will be falsely ___

Answer 55

Low

Question 56

If Doppler BP cuff is too narrow readings will be falsely __

Answer 56

High

Question 57

What measurements are taken for VHS

Answer 57

1. Measure from carina to apex of cardiac silhouette 2. Measure widest diameter of cardiac silhouette perpendicular to initial line 3. Count lines against vertebrae and add both lines together

Question 58

What is a normal VSH

Answer 58

<10.5