Lecture 16: Neuro Flashcards
What is ataxia
loss of coordination
what is proprioception
innate understanding of limb position
what is exteroception
other sensory information- pain, temperature, pressure
what is paresis
partial loss of voluntary movement
what is plegia
complete loss of voluntary movement (paralysis)
proprioceptive deficits mean loss of __
sensory input from body to brain
what are some signs of vestibular disease
asymmetric, tend to fall, tilt, lean to one side
what are some signs of cerebellar disease
exaggerated movements +/- tremors
what does the cerebrum do
cognitive center for planning/association, initiates motor activity
what does brain stem do
integration center, executes motor activity, contains CN nuclei
what does cerebellum do
modifies fine motor control (does not initiate)
what are some signs of brain disease
altered mentation, ataxia, pacing/circling, cranial nerve deficits, balance disorders, seizures
what provides ascending sensory input
proprioception, exteroception
what are some signs of spinal cord disease
ataxia, paresis/paralysis (dragging, knuckling), altered spinal reflex, loss of deep pain, spinal pain
what are some signs of neuromuscular disease
diffuse weakness, stiff gait, exercise intolerance, decreased reflexes x4
are postural reactions normal or abnormal in neuromuscular disease
often normal (abnormal in brain and spinal cord dz)
what are you evaluating when observing patient
mental status, gait/posture
what are the terms of altered mentation to most responsive to least
- Dull
- Obtunded
- Stuporous
- Comatose
what is difference between stuporous and comatose
stuporous- unconscious but reacts to stimuli
Comatose- unconscious with no response to stimuli
what does mentally inappropriate mean
high level of consciousness but just not right
circling, head tilt or turn is almost always towards or away from lesion?
towards
What does placing/hopping asses
conscious proprioception
abnormal CPs indicate problem where
spinal cord vs brain
what do spinal reflexes assess
integrity of spinal cord segment
t or f: reflexes occur independently of conscious control
true
what does patellar reflex assess
femoral nerve, L4-L6
what does withdrawal reflex assess
sciatic nerve, L6-S3
Front withdrawal- C6-T2
what are UMN signs
hyperreflexia, spastic
what are LMN signs
hyporeflexia, flaccid
What deficits occur: UMN or LMN in thoracic and pelvic limbs with injury to C1-C5
UMN in both
what deficits occur: UMN or LMN in thoracic and pelvic limb with injury to C6-T2
thoracic- LMN
Pelvic- UMN
what deficits occur: UMN or LMN in thoracic and pelvic limbs with injury to T3-L3
thoracic- normal
Pelvic0 UMN
what deficits occur: UMN or LMN in thoracic and pelvic limbs with injury to L4-S3
thoracic- normal
L4-S3- LMN
spinal reflexes are locally controlled, injury to thoracic intumescence (C6-T2 or L4-S3) results in __ reflexes to that limb
decreased (LMN)
what does CN1 do
smell
what does CN2 do
vision
function of CN3
movement if eyeball and pupillary constriction
Function of CN IV
extraocular muscles: dorsal oblique
Function of CN V
sensation to face and chewing
Function of CN VI
extraocular muscles- lateral rectus, retractor bulbi
Function of CN VII
facial expression
function of CN VIII
balance and hearing
function of CN IX-XII
eating and swallowing
what CN tested in menace
2 and 7
when do young animals develop menace
12 weeks
what CN in palpebral
5 and 7
what cranial nerves with facial sensation
5 and 7
what CN for PLR
2 and 3
what CN for oculocephalic testing
8
what CN for gag reflex
9 and 10
what does cutaneous trunci reflex assess
lateral thoracic nerve T1-L4-5
Cutaneous trunci are lost about __ to spinal lesion
1-2 segments caudal to spinal lesion
what does perineal reflex and anal tone assess
pudendal nerve
if patient is has deep pain they must __ not just withdrawal limb
consciously react to stimuli
loss of conscious deep pain reaction implies __
functional transaction of spinal cord
what is most important prognostic indicator for neuro exams
presence of deep pain
t or f: positive withdrawal reflex means patient has deep pain sensation
false- just means reflex arc intact, does not mean feels it unless consciously reacts (head turn, bite, cry, dilate pupils)
