Lecture 5: Small Animal Orthopedic Exam Flashcards
What should you observe in hands off examination
- Mentation
- Symmetry
- Change in position
- Posture- offloading, sit test, head/tail carriage, conformational abnormalities
what postures A-C indicative of
A. Shifting off painful limb
B- shifting away from painful forelimbs
C- shifting away from painful hind limbs
what are some common signs of orthopedic related pain
- Asymmetrical sitting position
- Aversion to jump
- Balking when getting into down position
- Balking when getting into vehicles
- Hesitation to sit or stay in sphinx position
- Poor gait
- Slow walking
aversion to jumping likely means pain where
stifles and spine
balking when getting into down position likely means pain where
elbows
balking when getting into vehicles likely means pain where
stifles and spine
hesitation to sit or stays in sphinx position likely means pain where
spine, stifles, hock, hips
Bunny hopping gait is commonly seen with __
hip dysplasia
when evaluating hip ROM put them in __ to assess early signs of hip disease
hip extension
medial hindlimb exam palpate medial aspect of __ during standing exam
tibia
where are radial tumors located in relation to elbow
away from elbow
What is campbells test in forelimb
flex the elbow, rotate the carpus to evaluate collateral ligaments
What wrong
panosteitis
how do you do the biceps test
- hyperplexion of shoulder while grasping forelimb
- elbow in extension
- digital impingement of insertion of biceps tendon
what is salter harris fracture 1
epiphyseal slip only
what is salter harris fracture 2
fracture through epiphyseal plate with triangle of shaft attached
what is salter harris fracture 3
fracture through epiphysis extending into physeal plate
what is salter harris fracture 4
fracture of epiphysis and shaft crossing the epiphyseal plate
what is a salter harris fracture 5
damage to epiphyseal plate- erasure of growth plate or crush
what are the 3 functions of the cranial cruciate ligament/ what do they prevent
- cranial movement of tibia in relation to femur
- internal rotation of the tibia
- hyperextension of the stifle joint
what is a positive sit test
when sitting only one hind limb underneath dog, other one splayed out to side
what are the landmarks for tibial thrust test and what do you do
patellar tendon and tibial tuberosity
flex hock and assess if cranial movement of tibia
what are landmarks for cranial draw test
- patella
- lateral fabella
- tibial tuberosity
- head of fibula
what is a grade 1 patellar luxation
patella in normal position, can luxate but returns to normal position on own
what is grade 2 patellar luxation
patella in normal position, can luxate but does not return to normal position on its own
what is a grade 3 patellar luxation
patella luxation, can reduce to normal position but re-luxates on own
what is a grade 4 patellar luxation
patella luxated, difficult/unable to reduce
where are femoral tumors in relation to stifle
towards the knee
what type/location of coxofemoral luxation is most common
cranial-dorsal
what are 3 landmarks for evaluating coxofemoral joint and in what shape
- cranial dorsal iliac s[pine
- ischial tuberosity
- greater trochanter
form triangle
what is seen on rads with hip dysplasia
hips partially out of sockets, flattening of femoral heads, arthritis, subluxations, sclerosis, bone spurs
what is test for hip dysplasia
ortolani sign
where would dog have pain that indicates iliopsoas injury
- pain on medial rotation of pelvic limb in extension
- pain on palpation of ventrolateral aspect of lumbar spine and inguinal region
- pain on abduction of coxofemoral joint
how do you evaluate for neck pain
squeeze bear scopulo-humoral joint to look for neck guarding
what sign is characteristic of ataxia vs lameness
crossing over
is acute lameness more likely to be orthopedic and neuro
orthopedic
compression of __can cause acute lameness and can be mistaken for orthopedic lameness
nerve root
neuro or orthopedic: pain remains static or progresses
neuro
neuro or ortho: pain waxes and wanes
ortho
chronic lameness likely neuro or ortho
ortho
chronic lameness in forelimb not responsive to NSAIDS should be suspicious of ___
peripheral nerve sheath tumor
neuro or ortho: multiple locations affected
neuro
neuro or ortho: more likely to be single leg
ortho
what orthopedic conditions can be bilateral
hip dysplasia, elbows -FCP
what 3 things contribute to elbow dysplasia
- Un-united anconeal process
- Fragmented medial coronoid process
- OCD
what are the common locations for osteosarcoma
- Distal radius- away from elbow
- Proximal humerus- away from elbow
- Distal femur- towards knee
