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Year 1: 07. Neuro Exam 3 > Lecture 6: Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition requires extensive synaptic interactions between what type of cells?

A

Pyramidal

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2
Q

What structures are utilized in the final common pathway for speaking?

A

Wernicke’s Area
Arcuate fasciculus
Broca’s Area

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3
Q

What structures compose the mediational system for language?

A

Temporal, parietal, frontal association areas

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4
Q

What is the function of the conceptional system for language?

A

Provides concepts of what you are trying to communicate

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5
Q

By what age can babies recognize all sounds that might be language?

A

6 months

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6
Q

When learning a second language after the language acquisition phase, what region is activated?

A

Area adjacent to Broca’s area

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7
Q

What is social cognition an important factor of?

A

Ability to function in interpersonal and social situations

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8
Q

What are the two components of social cognition?

A 
Emotion Comprehension (recognition)
Theory of Mind
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9
Q

What observable information can you use to infer the emotional state of another person?

A

Prosody (speech)

Facial Expression

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10
Q

What part of the brain identifies faces and facial expressions?

A

Superior Temporal Sulcus

Fusiform gyrus

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11
Q

What parts of the brain adds in the emotional component when identifying facial expressions?

A

Amygdala (main)

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12
Q

What main part of the face is used to identify another person’s facial expression?

A

Eyes
Nose
Mouth

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13
Q

What system is possibly activated when looking at someone else’s face?

A

Mirror Neuron System

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14
Q

What input does mirror neuron system need to imitate motions?

A

Visual input

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15
Q

What does the posterior mirror neuron system do?

A

Identifies motor action of observed individual (e.g are they smiling, kicking a ball, etc)

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16
Q

What does the anterior mirror neuron system do?

A

Identifies goal of motor action in observed individual (e.g why are they smiling, why kicking a ball, etc)

17
Q

The circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via ____.

A

insula

18
Q

What is prosody?

A

Study of tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning

19
Q

How does the primary auditory cortex play a role in prosody?

A

Identifies pitch, loudness, and other characteristics

20
Q

How does the right posterior superior temporal sulcus play a role in prosody?

A

Understand the meaning of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics (Ex: mom calling for you for dinner vs something bad)

21
Q

How does the frontal cortex play a role in prosody?

A

Where judgment of emotional stimulus is determined (Ex: is observed individual angry, mad, happy, sad, etc)

22
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

Ability to understand the mental state of others (Why is that person thinking the way he/she is?)

23
Q

What structures are required for the theory of mind?

A

Amygdala
Medial Temporal Lobes (memory and sensory processing)
Orbitofrontal regions (sensory and emotional processing)

24
Q

What are the functions of accessory pathways in the theory of mind?

A

Language: In young children, can be a scaffold for linguistic cues.
Executive Functioning

25
Q

What is the role of the stimulus encoding system for decision making?

A

Decision with known risks: evaluates evidence available to make a decision

26
Q

What structures are involved in the stimulus encoding system for decision making?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
striatum

27
Q

What is the role of the action selection system for decision making?

A

Decisions with ambiguous risk - leans and encodes the subjective value of results
Involved in error detection

28
Q

What structure is involved in the action selection system for decision making?

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

29
Q

What is the role of the expected rewards system for decision making?

A

Decisions with ambiguous risk: predicts expected reward

30
Q

What structure is involved in the expected rewards system for decision making?

A

Amygdala
Basal Ganglia
Insular Cortex
Intraparietal Cortex

Year 1: 07. Neuro Exam 3 (16 decks)

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