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Year 1: 07. Neuro Exam 3 > Lecture 10: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal stalk

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2
Q

If there are tumors in the pituitary area, what symptoms can it cause?

A

Due to its proximity, the pituitary gland can put pressure to the optic nerves and can cause visual problems and dizziness.

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3
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus produce and secrete?

A

ADH into posterior pituitary

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4
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus produce and secrete?

A

Oxytocin into posterior pituitary

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5
Q

What does the anterior pituitary secrete (6 tropic hormones)?

A 
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactin
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6
Q

The connections between the hypothalamus and posterior lobe are ____?

A

neural

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7
Q

The connections between the hypothalamus and anterior lobe are ____?

A

neural and endocrine

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8
Q

What hormone is a negative inhibitor of growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin (GHIH)

IGF-1

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9
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

Defect in peripheral endocrine gland that can cause low or high levels of hormones

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10
Q

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

A

Defect in pituitary gland that can cause low or high levels of hormones

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11
Q

What is a tertiary endocrine disorder?

A

Defect in hypothalamus that can cause low or high levels of hormones

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12
Q

In the HPG axis, what is the major hypothalamic hormone

A

GnRH

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13
Q

In the HPG axis, what is major pituitary hormone?

A

FSH and LH

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14
Q

In the HPG axis, what is the peripheral target organ for males?

A

Testes
LH targets Leydig cells
FSH targets Sertoli cells

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15
Q

How is the HPG axis in males controlled?

A

Testosterone from Leydig cells inhibits GnRH and LH

Inhibin from from Sertoli cells inhibits FSH

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16
Q

In the HPG axis, what is the peripheral target organ for females?

A

Ovaries
LH targets Theca cells
FSH targets Granulosa cells

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17
Q

How is the HPG axis in females controlled?

A

Progestins and estrogen from granulosa cells inhibit GNrH and LH
Inhibin also from granulosa cells inhibits LH

*during ovulation, there can be a positive feedback loop with estrogen

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18
Q

What happens if GnRH release is inhibited?

A

Reduce production of gametes and affect fertility

19
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Prolonged and excessive secretion of growth hormone in adult life

20
Q

What are symptoms of acromegaly?

A 
Large hands, feet, and head
Prominent lower jaw
Cardiomegaly
Organomegaly
Hypertension
21
Q

What does growth hormone target?

A

Liver

Bone

22
Q

What can stimulate release of growth hormone?

A 
Fasting/hunger/starvation
Hypoglycemia
Puberty
Exercise
Sleep
Stress
23
Q

What does growth hormone induce?

A

Growth
Cell Reproduction
Metabolism

24
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size or volume of cells

25
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells

26
Q

What can treat defective release of GHRH?

A

Semorelin

27
Q

What can treat defective release of GH?

A

Somatropin

Somatrem

28
Q

What can treat the failure of the release of IGF-1?

A

Mecasermin

29
Q

If there is an excess of growth hormone noticed before the closure of the bone epiphyses, what do you expect to see?

A

Gigantism

30
Q

If there is an excess of growth hormone noticed after the closure of the bone epiphyses, what do you expect to see?

A

Acromegaly

31
Q

What happens when an individual has adequate carbohydrate and protein intake?

A

IGF-1 is produced leading to mitogenesis, lipolysis, and differentiation

32
Q

What happens when an individual has adequate carbohydrate intake but not enough protein intake?

A

IGF-1 is not produced leading to lipogenesis and carbohydrate storage (weight gain)

33
Q

What happens when an individual has adequate protein intake but not enough carbohydrate intake?

A

IGF-1 is produced leading to lipolysis, ketogenic and diabetogenic metabolism

34
Q

What are the metabolic functions of growth hormone?

A

Diabetogenic effect: increase of blood glucose and insulin levels
Increase in protein synthesis and organ growth
Increase in linear growth: stimulates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

35
Q

During which parts of the day does GH secretion peak?

A

Exercise

Beginning of sleep

36
Q

Why do we give an oral glucose tolerance test to someone suspected to have acromegaly?

A

Glucose typically shuts down secretion of GH. We can give glucose to patients suspected of acromegaly to see if blood GH levels will decrease. If they don’t decrease, patient might have acromegaly.

37
Q

What three components are requires to diagnose acromegaly?

A

Increased levels of IGF-1
Failure to suppress serum GH
Pituitary enlargement on MRI

38
Q

Why do we look at IGF-I levels when suspecting a diagnosis of acromegaly?

A

IGF-1 levels remain constant during the day while GH levels fluctuate.

39
Q

What does prolactin suppress?

A

GnRH (LH and FSH)

decrease reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive (This is a good thing right after a pregnancy)

40
Q

What stimulates prolactin secretion?

A 
Pregnancy (estrogen)
Breast feeding (suckling)
Sleep
Stress
TRH
41
Q

What is the main inhibitor of prolactin secretion?

A

Dopamin

Somatostatin

42
Q

What are some examples of hyperpituitarism?

A

Cushing’s Disease: Increased ACTH
Prolactinoma: Increased prolactin
Acromegaly/Gigantism: Increased GH

43
Q

What are some main causes of hypopituitarism?

A

Brain damage

Pituitary tumors

44
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin?

A

Breasts: Milk letdown

Uterine contractions

Year 1: 07. Neuro Exam 3 (16 decks)

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