lecture 6 - groups Flashcards
group definition
2+ people who (for longer than a few moments) interact with and influence another and perceive one another as “us”
groups are made up though and subjective
in the in class activity, people who used group identities (i.e. canadian, european, sister etc) tend to be from ___________ cultures
collectivist, therefore these ppl identify more with group identities
what is social facilitation
we do things better around other people (ex: running a race)
what is crowding? what is the impact of it?
the presence of MANY others, this can make it harder to get things done due to pressure and distractions
why are we aroused in the presence of others (social facilitation)
- evaluation apprehension (wanting to maintain social status/hierarchy)
- driven by distraction
- mere presence of others
describe the home team advantage phenomenon
sport teams performing at their home place do better
why?
- familiar with the space
- less tired because you are near home
- territorial dominance
- team identity
social loafing
“many hands make light work”
we dont pull as hard when 10 people are pulling in tug of war, we actually pull more on our own bc when with others we cant tell what we are exerting , plus we conserve more energy (adaptational)
what are the different pathways for social loafing vs social facilitation?
SOCIAL LOAFING:
others presence>individual effort is pooled and not evaluated>no evaluation apprehension>relaxation
SOCIAL FACILITATION
others presence>individual efforts evaluated>evaluation apprehension>arousal
what is an example study that looked at crowding? describe it
calhouns behavioural sink study
rat colony lived in a pen, he divded the pen into 4 sections, the 2 largest males claimed one section along with some females, the rest of the colony lived in the other 2 sections which was super overcrowded
this led to rats eating their own young, random aggression, etc , and adults were super stressed while infant mortality rate was 80%
describe the 3 types of territories
primary territories
- occupant has exclusive control (ex: bedroom)
secondary territories
- shared w others but there is still exclusionary control (ex: when ppl pay a concert seat and someone takes it, u taking the secondary territory)
public territories
- uncontrolled areas used by whoever is first to arrive (ex: bus)
how do we behave in our own territory?
we are more assertive and dominant
what is deindividuation? give an example
loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension when the situation allows u to feel anonymous
example: kids w mask at halloween take more candy bc they feel less acountable
what impacts deindividuation
group size
physical anonymity
arousing and distracting activities
how can collective behaviour lead to mob mentality or violent behaviour
when combined with high arousal and diffusion of responsibility
describe how riots occur
only sick ppl would bait someone to commit an act of violence or jump to kill themselves, but their actions spread thru a crowd by contagion (this is the action of convergence of behaviours)
creating the illusion of consensus for violence
symptoms of groupthink
overestimating the groups might and right
- this is the illusion of invulnerability + believing in the groups morality
closemindedness
- rationalization for ur own group
- stereotyped view of opponent (ex: dehumanizing others)
pressures toward uniformity
- self censorship
- illusion of unanimity bc nobody talks against it
- mind guards (seek out traitors n shame them)
how can we prevent groupthink?
be impartial
- do this by challenging the side u dont agree with, do research
assign a devils advocate
subdivide the group
invite critiques from outside experts
call a second change meeting to air lingering doubts
enhance group problem solving (i.e. combine brainstorming, interact w members more, etc)
state the 4 types of leadership
task leadership
social leadership
transactional leadership
transformational leadership
what is task leadership
being invested in getting the job done and not in anything else
what is social leadership
democratic, everyone is happier
what is transcational leadership
mix of task and social leadership based on situation
what is the ideal type of leadership?
transactional leadership
what is transformational leadership
cant be taught (so its rare), u need CHARISMA
“natural leader”
can the minority change the majority?
yes, but it is the exception
need to be consistent w beliefs, have self confidence when exerting belief, and debate to strengthen ur belief
