chapter 3 Flashcards
label and describe our two brain systems
system 1: intuitive, automatic, unconscious and fast thinking (gut feeling, does not require attention)
system 2: deliberate, controlled, slower thinking (requires attention)
what is priming?
when we activate associations in our memory
what is embodied cognition
physical sensations can prime/influence our cognitive preferences + social judgements , and vice versa!
most of our social information processing is automatic or manual?
automatic
true or false: social cognition is embodied
true, social cognition is embodied
system 1 is ____ and system 2 is _____
s1: automatic processing
s2: controlled processing
are schemas automatic thinking or controlled?
automatic
are emotional reactions a part of system 1 or system 2?
system 1, automatic (usually happen before we can even think about it)
what is the trade off from the efficiency of system 1 thinking? name and describe it.
overconfidence phenomenon, aka our system 1 intuitions are sometimes wrong.
what it is: overestimating the accuracy of ones beliefs
in a study from txtbook, students who score the ______ on tests are most prone to overestimating their abilities
answer: lowest
basically if u bad in school ur probs overconfident so u dont study properly
why does the overconfidence phenomenon persist in people?
because we tend to like overconfident people, we even find them more attractive!
what system is responsible for confirmation bias? what system prevents us from making this bias error?
system 1 is responsible (snap judgement)
system 2 prevents it (stop to think)
what is confirmation bias? give an example
we tend to search for info that confirms our beliefs
ex: isreal or palestine supporters dont rlly care to hear the other sides arguments, only wanna hear stuff from their own side
______ bias explains why our self images are so stable
A: confirmation bias
we seek ppl who verify our views (like when fasih tells me he liked another outfit better but i rlly wanted him to like the first outfit, so I go and ask my sister instead cuz I know she will say the one I liked hehehe silly me)
what’s better, using intuition or statistical prediction?
statistical prediction, duhhh
state and describe 2 techniques that help reduce the overconfidence bias
- prompt feedback
ex: weather forecasters receive clear, daily feedback, so they do well in estimating their probable accuracy (odd example but idk thats what txt says)
- make people think of one good reason why their judgements might be WRONG
ex: a boss who is about to implement some new policy may benefit from some ideas of why it may not be a good idea
what are heuristics? are they system 1 or 2?
mental shortcuts. system 1
are heuristics always a good thing?
yes and no
sometimes quick mental shortcuts are adaptive: “woah thats dangerous!!”
other times they make errors: you see someone with long hair and he likes rock music, do you think hes in a band or is he a professor? we would say in a band, but this be wrong in the case of Dr. Dax lol (representativeness heuristic)
what are representativeness heuristics? state example
tendency to assume that someone/something belongs to a group if its resembling a typical member of that group
ex: dax has long hair and likes rock music, is he in a band or is he a prof? we would assume he in a band but he aint
what is availability heuristic? give an example.
the more easily we recall something, the more likely that thing seems
ex: you feel like ur chance of dying in a plane is so much higher than dying in a car but in reality it the opposite
(thats bc plane crashes are on the news more so it comes to mind more, but they r acc so rare irl)
what is counterfactual thinking? give an example from the textbook.
imagining alternative scenarios that might have happened (but didn’t)
ex: a student with a 79 feels worse than a student with a 75, as the 79 student thinks about the fact that they were so close to getting 80
explain how counterfactual thinking underlies our feeling of luck/bad luck
feeling good luck = when we barely escape a bad event (like winning a game by 1 point), we easily imagine a negative counterfactual event (like losing the frisbee game)
feeling bad luck = bad event happens (we lose frisbee game by one point) and we think about how easily we may have won
counterfactual thinking gets more intense when events are more _______ and ______
when events r more unlikely and significant
what is illusory correlation? give an example
a perception of a relationship where none exists
OR
a perception of a stronger relationship than actually relationships
example: we think of our friend and they happen to call us at the same time, we think omg im psychic yoo this is crazy (we notice n remember this moment), but we fail to realize we think of our friend like 80% of the time and they don’t usually call us those times, so it was just a coincidence
what is regression towards the average? give an example.
tendency for extreme scores/behaviours to return to the persons average
example: if a basketball player is like given MVP award + does amazingly, he likely wont do this again next yr, he will b average
true or false: when we are happier, the world seems better + good thoughts come more easily to mind, but when we are in a bad mood, bad thoughts + views come more easily to mind
true
how can we prevent our moods from biasing our judgements?
acknowledge our moods
are our first impressions of others usually right/accurate?
yes, we are usually right!!
what is belief perseverance?
beliefs can survive when discrediting evidence is given
what is misinformation effect?
ppl incorporate misinformation they recieve into their memories of an event
what can false confessions be partially explained by?
misinformation effect
ex: in studies on ppl who were wrongfully convicted, it was found that many convictions were due to false confessions. these false confessions were partially due to internalized confessions (ppl believe their own false confession after they are fed misinformation by the investigators.. they think they guilty bc they started to incorporate the misinformation into their memories of the event)
what is rosy retrospection?
we recall mildly pleasant events as more pleasant than they really were
what is attribution theory? what are the 2 types?
the theory of how ppl explain the behaviour of others
2 types:
dispositional attribution (blame behaviour on ones traits)
situational attribution (blame behaviour on environment)
what is fundamental attribution error? give an example. what is another term for it?
tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others behaviour
example: if our friend fails the test we may attribute it to their intelligence instead of just lack of sleep/not studying enough
another term: correspondence bias
what culture/group of ppl are more likely to use situational influences in fundamental attribution error?
eastern asian ppl (collectivist)
so they are more likely to blame the environment, not the person
what culture/group of ppl are more likely to use dispositional influences in fundamental attribution error?
western children (individualistic)
so they r more likely to blame ppls traits for their behaviour
what is self fulfilling prophecy? what is an example in experimental research?
beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment
ex in research: experimenter bias (participants sometimes live up to what they believe the researchers expect of them)
what is behavioural confirmation?
a type of self fulfilling prophecy where peoples social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
example: ppl who believe they are liked behave warmly and thus, do get accepted and liked more. on the other hand, those who believe they are lonely/disliked act less sociably and thus are disliked
