chapter 3

Question 1

label and describe our two brain systems

Answer 1

system 1: intuitive, automatic, unconscious and fast thinking (gut feeling, does not require attention)

system 2: deliberate, controlled, slower thinking (requires attention)

Question 2

what is priming?

Answer 2

when we activate associations in our memory

Question 3

what is embodied cognition

Answer 3

physical sensations can prime/influence our cognitive preferences + social judgements , and vice versa!

Question 4

most of our social information processing is automatic or manual?

Answer 4

automatic

Question 5

true or false: social cognition is embodied

Answer 5

true, social cognition is embodied

Question 6

system 1 is ____ and system 2 is _____

Answer 6

s1: automatic processing
s2: controlled processing

Question 7

are schemas automatic thinking or controlled?

Answer 7

automatic

Question 8

are emotional reactions a part of system 1 or system 2?

Answer 8

system 1, automatic (usually happen before we can even think about it)

Question 9

what is the trade off from the efficiency of system 1 thinking? name and describe it.

Answer 9

overconfidence phenomenon, aka our system 1 intuitions are sometimes wrong.

what it is: overestimating the accuracy of ones beliefs

Question 10

in a study from txtbook, students who score the ______ on tests are most prone to overestimating their abilities

Answer 10

answer: lowest

basically if u bad in school ur probs overconfident so u dont study properly

Question 11

why does the overconfidence phenomenon persist in people?

Answer 11

because we tend to like overconfident people, we even find them more attractive!

Question 12

what system is responsible for confirmation bias? what system prevents us from making this bias error?

Answer 12

system 1 is responsible (snap judgement)
system 2 prevents it (stop to think)

Question 13

what is confirmation bias? give an example

Answer 13

we tend to search for info that confirms our beliefs

ex: isreal or palestine supporters dont rlly care to hear the other sides arguments, only wanna hear stuff from their own side

Question 14

______ bias explains why our self images are so stable

Answer 14

A: confirmation bias

we seek ppl who verify our views (like when fasih tells me he liked another outfit better but i rlly wanted him to like the first outfit, so I go and ask my sister instead cuz I know she will say the one I liked hehehe silly me)

Question 15

what’s better, using intuition or statistical prediction?

Answer 15

statistical prediction, duhhh

Question 16

state and describe 2 techniques that help reduce the overconfidence bias

Answer 16

1. prompt feedback

ex: weather forecasters receive clear, daily feedback, so they do well in estimating their probable accuracy (odd example but idk thats what txt says)

2. make people think of one good reason why their judgements might be WRONG

ex: a boss who is about to implement some new policy may benefit from some ideas of why it may not be a good idea

Question 17

what are heuristics? are they system 1 or 2?

Answer 17

mental shortcuts. system 1

Question 18

are heuristics always a good thing?

Answer 18

yes and no

sometimes quick mental shortcuts are adaptive: “woah thats dangerous!!”

other times they make errors: you see someone with long hair and he likes rock music, do you think hes in a band or is he a professor? we would say in a band, but this be wrong in the case of Dr. Dax lol (representativeness heuristic)

Question 19

what are representativeness heuristics? state example

Answer 19

tendency to assume that someone/something belongs to a group if its resembling a typical member of that group

ex: dax has long hair and likes rock music, is he in a band or is he a prof? we would assume he in a band but he aint

Question 20

what is availability heuristic? give an example.

Answer 20

the more easily we recall something, the more likely that thing seems

ex: you feel like ur chance of dying in a plane is so much higher than dying in a car but in reality it the opposite
(thats bc plane crashes are on the news more so it comes to mind more, but they r acc so rare irl)

Question 21

what is counterfactual thinking? give an example from the textbook.

Answer 21

imagining alternative scenarios that might have happened (but didn’t)

ex: a student with a 79 feels worse than a student with a 75, as the 79 student thinks about the fact that they were so close to getting 80

Question 22

explain how counterfactual thinking underlies our feeling of luck/bad luck

Answer 22

feeling good luck = when we barely escape a bad event (like winning a game by 1 point), we easily imagine a negative counterfactual event (like losing the frisbee game)

feeling bad luck = bad event happens (we lose frisbee game by one point) and we think about how easily we may have won

Question 23

counterfactual thinking gets more intense when events are more _______ and ______

Answer 23

when events r more unlikely and significant

Question 24

what is illusory correlation? give an example

Answer 24

a perception of a relationship where none exists

OR

a perception of a stronger relationship than actually relationships

example: we think of our friend and they happen to call us at the same time, we think omg im psychic yoo this is crazy (we notice n remember this moment), but we fail to realize we think of our friend like 80% of the time and they don’t usually call us those times, so it was just a coincidence

Question 25

what is regression towards the average? give an example.

Answer 25

tendency for extreme scores/behaviours to return to the persons average

example: if a basketball player is like given MVP award + does amazingly, he likely wont do this again next yr, he will b average

Question 26

true or false: when we are happier, the world seems better + good thoughts come more easily to mind, but when we are in a bad mood, bad thoughts + views come more easily to mind

Answer 26

true

Question 27

how can we prevent our moods from biasing our judgements?

Answer 27

acknowledge our moods

Question 28

are our first impressions of others usually right/accurate?

Answer 28

yes, we are usually right!!

Question 29

what is belief perseverance?

Answer 29

beliefs can survive when discrediting evidence is given

Question 30

what is misinformation effect?

Answer 30

ppl incorporate misinformation they recieve into their memories of an event

Question 31

what can false confessions be partially explained by?

Answer 31

misinformation effect

ex: in studies on ppl who were wrongfully convicted, it was found that many convictions were due to false confessions. these false confessions were partially due to internalized confessions (ppl believe their own false confession after they are fed misinformation by the investigators.. they think they guilty bc they started to incorporate the misinformation into their memories of the event)

Question 32

what is rosy retrospection?

Answer 32

we recall mildly pleasant events as more pleasant than they really were

Question 33

what is attribution theory? what are the 2 types?

Answer 33

the theory of how ppl explain the behaviour of others

2 types:
dispositional attribution (blame behaviour on ones traits)
situational attribution (blame behaviour on environment)

Question 34

what is fundamental attribution error? give an example. what is another term for it?

Answer 34

tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others behaviour

example: if our friend fails the test we may attribute it to their intelligence instead of just lack of sleep/not studying enough

another term: correspondence bias

Question 35

what culture/group of ppl are more likely to use situational influences in fundamental attribution error?

Answer 35

eastern asian ppl (collectivist)

so they are more likely to blame the environment, not the person

Question 36

what culture/group of ppl are more likely to use dispositional influences in fundamental attribution error?

Answer 36

western children (individualistic)

so they r more likely to blame ppls traits for their behaviour

Question 37

what is self fulfilling prophecy? what is an example in experimental research?

Answer 37

beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment

ex in research: experimenter bias (participants sometimes live up to what they believe the researchers expect of them)

Question 38

what is behavioural confirmation?

Answer 38

a type of self fulfilling prophecy where peoples social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

example: ppl who believe they are liked behave warmly and thus, do get accepted and liked more. on the other hand, those who believe they are lonely/disliked act less sociably and thus are disliked