Lecture 6: Global Food Production Systems (Exam 2) Flashcards
Define food security
Having a reliable source of food & sufficient resources to purchase it
What four conditions need to be fulfilled to ensure food security
- Availability
- Access
- Stability
- Utilization
Fill out the diagram
What two countries show the most projected population growth
- Asia
- Sub-saharan africa
- Developing countries
What % increase is req in food calories to feed 9.6 billion people by 2050
69%
Describe the world’s meat consumption btw/ 1983 - 2020
- As population gains affluence their dietary change is to add meat
- When poor people acquire discretionary income one of the first things they seek to purchase animal source food
What is the overall world consumption of meat & milk products? What about certain areas
- 23% in the world
- Asia & India have an extremely high % change (72% & 94%)
- More dev countries like USA, Canada, & Europe are showing a decrease or no change
What livestock are we seeing global changes in their numbers
- Chickens
- Ducks
- Goats
Fill out the following chart on argosystems including the social & ecosystem conditions that can impact it
What are the four determining elements of an agroecosystem & their definition
- Environment: Climate & geography
- Biota: the animals & plants/crops that are physiologically adapted to an environment
- People: History, culture, & religion
- Economics: trade & law
Describe pastoralism
- Mobile livestock keeping to ava pasture & water
- Take the animals where the food is
- More in arid & semi-arid envi
- Includes camels, sheep, goats, & horses
- Shapes the diet & culture of the people
What are the challenges of pastoralism
- Cross social & political barriers
- Transmission of dx
- Conflict for resources w/ agropastoralists, ranching, & wildlife
Describe agro-pastoralism
- Some crop agriculture is carried out (usually @ a home site) in addition to the extensive grazing of livestock
- Found in semi-arid envi
- Camels, cattle, cheep, goats, & equid are used for milk, meat, fertilizer, & culture
- Occurs due to fixed land use
- Poultry can be added
Describe transhumance
- A form of pastoralism in which herders & their animals move seasonally btw/ two specific regions
- Seen in envi where there are severe seasonal fluctuations (mountain agri of scandinavia, austria, germany, switzerland, & western US)
- Cattle, sheep, & goats used for milk, meat, fertilizer, & culture
Describe ranching
- Common in semi-arid to sub-humid zones that favor grasslands (western US)
- Req large amounts of priv owned or gov leased land
- Usually seen in meat production (ruminants)
What type of ranching is responsible for over 70% of deforestation in Brazil
Cattle ranching
Describe mixed subsistence farming
- Sedentary systems in which crops are the main source of food w/ animals supporting the farming operation (like fertilizer & transport)
- Found in sub-humid envi
- The most widespread form of agri activity in the world
- Usually done w/ ruminants , poultry, swine, equids, & small animals like guinea pigs & rabbits
What is the avg farm size in the USA
444 acres
Describe mixed specialty farming
- Sedentary crop & livestock agri where the main reason for crop production is to feed the livestock
- Used for dairy, eggs, poultry, specialty fibers, & meat
- Usually occurs when there is a market demand for livestock products & suitable access to infrastructure for more intensive animal husbandry
- Increasing in peri-urban settings
What are intensive industrial livestock productions
- Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
- Production indep of the envi (but heavily impacts the envi & req large amounts of nonrenewable resources)
- Found in meat, milk, & egg production
- Diseases are common b/c of production & high density confinement
- Most rapidly growing system of farm animal production
- 80% of growth in the livestock sector comes from CAFOs
What are the benefits of food production
- Inexpensive food (~10% of disposable income)
- Safer than ever before
- Positive balance of trade
What are the drawbacks of food production
- Resultant changes to pathogens
- Envi concerns
- Antimicrobial resistance (80% of all antibiotics produced were used in livestock & poultry)
Does intensive agri product tech have a negative or positive outcome on human & animal health
Negative but one should be careful in criticizing a system that successfully feeds a significant portion of the world’s population
Describe aquaculture
- The cultivation of aquatic plants or animals
- Can be fresh water like carp, tilapia, & catfish
- Can be brackish water like crustaceans & mollusks
- Can be marine water organisms like shellfish & salmon
- Can be intensive production or part of mixed agri systems
Describe alternative agriculture
- Organic farming
- Avoids the use of synthetic compounds
- Encourages the use of natural compounds or practices
- Limited capacity & limited market
Describe game ranching
- The rearing of wild animal species in confinement in a semi-domesticated state for commercial exploitation
- Food production, skins & leather, & sale of live animals
- Ungulates, fowl, rodents, reptiles, & bison
What are examples of companion & hobby animals
- Puppy raising
- Horse racing
- Greyhound racing
- Pet birds
- Fish
- Reptiles
