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Animal Physiology I > Lecture 6: Circulation II > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Circulation II Flashcards

1
Q

What is perfusion?

A) The pressure exerted by blood on vessel walls
B) The forced flow of blood through the vessels
C) The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
D) The resistance of blood vessels to blood flow

A

b) forced flow of blood through the vessels

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2
Q

What does systolic pressure measure?

A) The lowest pressure during cardiac relaxation
B) The highest pressure during ventricular contraction
C) The average pressure during the cardiac cycle
D) The lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation
E) The highest pressure during cardiac relaxation

A

b)

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3
Q

Which of the following best describes diastolic pressure?

A) The highest pressure in heart contraction
B) The lowest pressure during heart contraction
C) The lowest pressure in cardiac relaxation
D) The highest pressure in cardiac relaxation

A

B) lowest pressure in cardiac relxation

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4
Q

Which of the following statements is true about blood pressure?

A) Blood pressure is the same in all parts of the body
B) Blood pressure is solely determined by heart rate
C) Blood pressure is influenced by both cardiac output and vascular resistance
D) Blood pressure is not related to perfusion

A

c)

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5
Q

Why do pressure fluctuations in the left ventricle exceed those in the arteries?

A) The arteries are always under high pressure
B) The left ventricle generates higher pressures during contraction
C) The veins have a higher resistance
D) The arteries do not contract

A

B)

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6
Q

What happens to blood flow as it moves through progressively smaller vessels?

A) It encounters less resistance
B) It flows faster due to decreased pressure
C) It encounters increasing resistance, generating back pressure
D) It remains constant

A

c)

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7
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

A) To pump blood throughout the body
B) To collect excess fluid and return it to the circulatory system
C) To transport oxygen to tissues
D) To filter blood in the kidneys

A

B)

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8
Q

Why do capillaries lose fluid into the surrounding tissues?

A) To supply nutrients directly to tissues
B) To maintain high blood pressure
C) Due to the pressure differences during the exchange process
D) To reduce fluid in the veins

A

c)

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9
Q

What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?

A) They transport blood to the heart
B) They filter lymph and house immune cells
C) They absorb nutrients from food
D) They store excess fluid

A

B) They filter lymph and house immune cells

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10
Q

Where does the lymphatic system return lymph to the circulatory system?

A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Pulmonary veins
D) Aorta

A

b) right atrium

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11
Q

What is one reason that helps prevent the flooding of the lungs?

A) High blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries
B) Low blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries
C) Narrow and short capillaries
D) High osmotic pressure in the lungs

A

B)

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12
Q

Why is high compliance of pulmonary vessels important?

A) It reduces the volume of blood entering the lungs
B) It allows vessels to expand and accommodate varying blood flow
C) It increases blood pressure in the lungs
D) It prevents oxygen from entering the bloodstream

A

B)

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13
Q

What are the 3 key reasons why lungs do not get flooded?
a) Width/length of capillaries, high blood pressure and low resistance
b) width/length of capillaries, low blood pressure and high compliance
c) width/lemgth of capillaries, low blood pressure, and low compliance
d) none of the above

A

b)

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14
Q

Why do we tend to get pulmonary edema under normal circumstances?

short answer question

A

Our pulmonary circuit is low pressure, low resistance, high compliance.

With low resistance, the blood vessels are short and wide. It is easier to suck fluid through a wide straw so when blood vessels have low resistance it is due to the vessels being short and wide.

With high compliance it is due to how easy it is for the pressure to move. The vessels are thin and they have a bit of muscle tone (a bit of pressure applied to vessels).

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15
Q

Which of the following factors does NOT help prevent lung flooding?

A) High compliance of vessels
B) High blood pressure in capillaries
C) Low blood pressure in capillaries
D) Structure of the capillaries

A

b)

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16
Q

What role do arterioles play in regulating blood flow?

A) They pump blood to the heart
B) They connect capillaries to veins
C) They constrict and dilate to control blood distribution
D) They carry oxygenated blood away from the lungs

A

c)

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17
Q

When would vasodilation likely occur in the body?

A) When you are resting and not using your muscles
B) When you start exercising or your muscles require more blood
C) During periods of dehydration
D) When your body temperature decreases

A

b)

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18
Q

What is auto-regulation in the context of arterioles?

A) The intrinsic ability to withstand high blood pressure
B) The intrinsic ability of arterioles to adjust diameter based on blood flow
C) The extrinisic ability of arterioles to control diameter based on blood flow
D) A technique to reduce blood pressure

A

b)

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19
Q

How does auto-regulation act as a negative feedback loop?

A) By increasing blood pressure continuously
B) By preventing excessive blood flow into tissues
C) By constricting all blood vessels equally
D) By increasing heart rate regardless of demand

A

b)

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20
Q

Which intrinsic factor can cause arterioles to dilate?

A) Increase in oxygen levels
B) Decrease in oxygen levels
C) Increase in blood pressure
D) Decrease in carbon dioxide levels

A

B) decrease in O2 (metabolic state of tissues)

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21
Q

What are extrinsic factors in regulating arteriolar diameter?

A) Local tissue conditions
B) Changes in blood viscosity
C) Signals from the nervous and endocrine systems
D) The size of the heart

A

c)

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22
Q

Which of the following would likely lead to vasodilation of arterioles?

A) Decreased metabolic activity in tissues
B) Decreased oxygen availability in tissues
C) Increased blood pressure
D) Sympathetic nervous system activation

A

B) Decreased oxygen availability in tissues

23
Q

What type of signaling involves the release of chemical messengers that act locally on nearby cells?

A) Endocrine signaling
B) Autocrine signaling
C) Paracrine signaling
D) Neural signaling

A

c) Paracrine signaling

24
Q

What are the two intrinsic factors that regulate blood flow?

A) Hormonal signals and neural regulation
B) Changes in blood pressure and temperature
C) Metabolite changes affecting vasoconstriction/dilation and paracrine signals
D) Blood viscosity and heart rate

A

c)

25
Q

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback loop regulating blood flow during exercise?

A) During exercise, increased metabolic activity leads to higher oxygen levels and lower carbon dioxide levels, causing arterioles to constrict and reduce blood flow.

B) As exercise increases metabolic rates, oxygen levels drop while carbon dioxide and metabolic waste increase. This change is sensed by arterioles, leading to dilation, decreased resistance, and increased blood flow to restore oxygen levels and remove waste.

C) In response to exercise, blood vessels remain unchanged, maintaining consistent blood flow regardless of metabolic demands.

D) Elevated blood pressure during exercise leads to immediate vasodilation, allowing for increased blood flow to the heart.

A

b)

26
Q

The term used to describe the baseline tension maintained in blood vessels by the sympathetic nervous system?

A) Vascular compliance
B) Vasomotor tone
C) Blood viscosity
D) Vascular resistance

A

B) vasomotor tone

27
Q

During a “fight or flight” response, what effect does increased sympathetic nervous system activity have on blood vessels?

A) Vasodilation of all organs
B) Vasoconstriction in non-essential organs and vasodilation in muscles
C) No change in blood vessel diameter
D) Vasoconstriction in muscles and vasodilation in the liver

A

B)

28
Q

Which hormone causes general vasoconstriction when blood pressure drops?

A) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
B) Norepinephrine
C) Vasopressin (ADH)
D) Angiotensin II

A

c) Vasopressin

29
Q

How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) affect blood vessels?

A) It causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure.
B) It promotes vasodilation to help lower blood pressure.
C) It has no effect on blood vessels.
D) It only affects the kidneys.

A

B)

30
Q

What was the initial primary function of the circulatory system?

A) Oxygen transport
B) Nutrient transport to body cells
C) Waste removal
D) Hormonal distribution

A

b) nutrient transport to body cells

31
Q

Which function became a major selective force in the evolution of the circulatory system?

A) Nutrient distribution
B) Respiratory function
C) Hormonal transport
D) Immune response

A

B) Respiratory function

32
Q

What is a key advantage of closed circulatory systems compared to open systems?

A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Less control over blood distribution
C) Increased blood pressure and flow
D) Simplified nutrient transport

A

C)

33
Q

What type of circulation system do fish possess?

A) Double-circuit circulation
B) Single-circuit circulation
C) Closed circulatory system
D) Open circulatory system

A

b)

34
Q

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

A) One chamber
B) Two chambers
C) Three chambers
D) Four chambers

A

B) two

35
Q

What is the main reason fish have low blood pressure in their circulatory system?

A) To prevent heart disease
B) To accommodate the delicate structure of their gills
C) To facilitate rapid swimming
D) To increase nutrient absorption

A

B)

36
Q

What happens to blood after it passes through the gills of a fish?

A) It is pumped back to the heart.
B) It becomes deoxygenated.
C) It is sent directly to the tissues.
D) It is stored in the gills.

A

A)

37
Q

What major change occurs as animals transition from water to land regarding their circulatory systems?

A) They develop a single circuit.
B) They increase the size of their hearts.
C) They create separate pulmonary and systemic circuits.
D) They eliminate the need for a circulatory system.

A

c)

38
Q

What is the main issue associated with fish having a single-circuit circulation system?

A) It allows for high blood pressure in tissues, which can enhance nutrient delivery.
B) they cannot have high blood pressure due to the limitation of their gills (how thin and fragile they are) thus they have low blood pressure
C) It prevents the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
D) It increases the metabolic rate, leading to quicker exhaustion.

A

b)

39
Q

What is the primary function of the left ventricle within mammals and birds?

A) To receive deoxygenated blood from the body
B) To pump oxygenated blood to the lungs
C) To pump oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation
D) To regulate blood pressure

A

C)

40
Q

Which chambers of the heart are involved in pulmonary circulation within mammals and birds?

A) Left atrium and left ventricle
B) Right atrium and right ventricle
C) Right atrium and left ventricle
D) Left atrium and right ventricle

A

B)

41
Q

What type of circulatory system do most mollusks, like clams, have?

A) Closed circulatory system
B) Open circulatory system
C) Double circulatory system
D) They don’t have a circulatory system

A

B)

42
Q

What distinguishes the circulatory system of squids from that of clams?

A) Squids have an open circulatory system.
B) Squids have a myogenic heart and a closed circulatory system.
C) Clams have a more complex heart structure.
D) Clams have more blood vessels than squids.

A

B)

43
Q

What is the function of the branchial hearts in squids?

A) To pump blood to the rest of the body.
B) To oxygenate blood in the gills.
C) To collect deoxygenated blood from the tissues.
D) To circulate nutrients.

A

B)

44
Q

What type of heart do most invertebrates possess?

A) Myogenic heart
B) Neurogenic heart
C) Both myogenic and neurogenic hearts
D) No heart at all

A

B) Neurogenic hearts

45
Q

Describe the process of blood circulation in a squid, including the roles of the systemic heart and branchial hearts.

short answer

A

-involves a systemic heart and two branchial hearts.
-The heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the body tissues into the branchial hearts, which function like the right atrium.
-The branchial hearts pump this blood at lower pressure into the gills for oxygenation.
-Once oxygenated, the blood returns to the systemic heart, which pumps it vigorously to supply the rest of the body with oxygen and nutrients.

46
Q

What type of circulatory system do most arthropods, including insects, have?

A) Closed circulatory system
B) Open circulatory system
C) Lymphatic system
D) Double circulatory system

A

b) open

47
Q

How do insects maintain high metabolic rates despite having an open circulatory system?

A) They utilize hemolymph for oxygen transport.
B) They have a closed circulatory system.
C) They rely on diffusion for respiration instead of the circulatory system.
D) They pump their hemolymph at high pressure.

A

C)

48
Q

What is the main function of the insect circulatory system?

A) To transport oxygen throughout the body
B) To facilitate gas exchange in the lungs
C) To transport hormones and nutrients to tissues
D) To regulate body temperature

A

c)

49
Q

What fluid do insects use in their circulatory system?

A) Blood
B) Hemolymph
C) Plasma
D) Lymph

A

B) hemolymph

50
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in insects?

A) Through the heart
B) In the gills
C) Through the spiracles
D) In the hemolymph

A

c)

51
Q

True or False? All Arthropods have open circulatory systems.

A

False - insects do not

52
Q

Explain the open circulation of an insect

short answer

A

Insects have a single vessel that has fluid NOT blood running from the back end to the head and there are a series of contractile regions along the vessel and the fluid will come out through the vessels on the side into the main body cavity, bathe the tissues and go back into the contractile regions again.

53
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes a key difference among the circulatory systems of insects, mollusks, mammals, and fish?

A) Insects possess a closed circulatory system that efficiently transports oxygen to tissues, similar to mammals.

B) Mollusks primarily use hemolymph in an open circulatory system, while cephalopods like squids and mammals have evolved a closed circulatory system with a myogenic heart.

C) Mammals have an open circulatory system that relies on hemolymph for nutrient transport, akin to the circulatory system of fish.

D) Fish and mammals both utilize a single circuit for blood flow, while insects have a double circuit system for nutrient and gas exchange.

A

B)

Animal Physiology I (8 decks)

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