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Animal Physiology I > Lecture 15/16: Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 15/16: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are nutrients?

  1. Molecules produced by the body to build and maintain cells.
  2. External molecules required for the building and maintenance of cells.
  3. Waste products eliminated during metabolism.
  4. Chemicals that are only obtained through supplementation.
A

Answer: 2

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2
Q

Which of the following is an example of an essential nutrient?

  1. Vitamins that must be obtained through the diet.
  2. Glucose synthesized by the body.
  3. Enzymes used in food digestion.
  4. Bacteria used for fermentation.
A

Answer: 1

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3
Q

What is the primary distinction between essential and non-essential nutrients?
a. Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body, while non-essential nutrients cannot.
b. Essential nutrients are required in larger quantities.
c. Essential nutrients must be obtained through the diet, while non-essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.
d. Non-essential nutrients are not needed for survival.

A

Answer: c

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4
Q

What process follows feeding in the pathway of nutrient needs?
a. Absorption.
b. Nutrient delivery.
c. Digestive or fermentative breakdown.
d. Negative feedback.

A

Answer: c

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5
Q

How does digestion differ from absorption?
a. Digestion involves breaking down nutrients, while absorption involves transporting them to the cells.
b. Digestion occurs in the bloodstream, while absorption occurs in the stomach.
c. Digestion includes enzyme production, while absorption excludes it.
d. Digestion relies solely on fermentation, while absorption does not.

A

Answer: a

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6
Q

What is the role of negative feedback in nutrient delivery?
a. To increase the breakdown of nutrients.
b. To signal that cells are no longer hungry.
c. To prevent absorption of excess nutrients.
d. To slow the fermentative breakdown process.

A

Answer: b

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7
Q

Why is the feeding apparatus closely linked to nutritional needs?
a. It determines the type of enzymes produced by the small intestine.
b. It affects how food is broken down in different species.
c. It ensures that negative feedback is maintained.
d. It facilitates the absorption of nutrients.

A

Answer: b

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8
Q

What happens after nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine?
a. They are used for fermentative breakdown.
b. They are delivered to cells that require them.
c. They are excreted as waste products.
d. They initiate another round of digestion.

A

Answer: b

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9
Q

How does the feeding apparatus vary across species?
a. Some species digest food using enzymes, while others use bacteria.
b. All species rely on fermentative breakdown to meet their needs.
c. Nutritional needs are uniform across all species.
d. The feeding apparatus has no impact on digestion.

A

Answer: a

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10
Q

What is the caloric equivalent of proteins and carbohydrates?
a. 2 kcal/g
b. 4 kcal/g
c. 6 kcal/g
d. 9 kcal/g

A

Answer: b

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11
Q

What is the caloric equivalent of fats?
a. 4 kcal/g
b. 6 kcal/g
c. 8 kcal/g
d. 9 kcal/g

A

Answer: d

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12
Q

Why do fats have a higher energy content than carbohydrates and proteins?
a. Fats contain more associated water than carbohydrates and proteins.
b. Fats are broken down faster by the body.
c. Fats have less associated water, providing more energy per gram.
d. Fats are digested without any energy loss.

A

Answer: c

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13
Q

What happens to food that is indigestible or un-metabolizable?
a. It is stored in the liver.
b. It is converted to energy.
c. It is lost in feces, urine, and heat.
d. It is used for muscle synthesis.

A

Answer: c

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14
Q

What term describes the heat produced during digestion?
a. Basal metabolic rate.
b. Thermogenic response.
c. Specific dynamic action.
d. Digestive efficiency.

A

Answer: c

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15
Q

Why do you feel warm after eating a large meal?
a. Your metabolic rate increases drastically.
b. You are producing heat as a result of the digestive process.
c. Blood flow to the stomach increases significantly.
d. Carbohydrates release extra heat during digestion.

A

b)

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16
Q

Which of the following statements about caloric content is true?
a. Carbohydrates and proteins provide the same amount of energy per gram.
b. Fats contain less energy than carbohydrates because they are harder to digest.
c. The energy from proteins is always stored as fat.
d. Specific dynamic action does not contribute to energy loss.

A

Answer: a

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17
Q

What is an example of indigestible food?
a. Fat.
b. Carbohydrate.
c. Cellulose.
d. Protein.

A

Answer: c

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18
Q

What are the two major components of the human body, excluding water?
a. Minerals and carbohydrates
b. Lipids and carbohydrates
c. Proteins and lipids
d. Nucleic acids and minerals

A

Answer: c

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19
Q

What is the primary role of proteins in the body?
a. Energy storage
b. Building and maintaining bones
c. Catalyzing reactions, providing structure, and forming specific proteins like membrane channels
d. Serving as a primary energy source

A

Answer: c

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20
Q

Which element is present in all amino acids?
a. Carbon
b. Nitrogen
c. Phosphorus
d. Sulfur

A

Answer: b

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21
Q

How many standard amino acids are required for protein synthesis in humans?
a. 10–12
b. 15–17
c. 20–22
d. 25–30

A

Answer: c

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22
Q

Why can plants and algae synthesize all 20–22 amino acids while humans cannot?
a. Humans lack the necessary enzymes to produce certain amino acids.
b. Plants and algae store more nitrogen.
c. Humans do not require all amino acids for survival.
d. Humans have excess protein reserves.

A

Answer: a

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT a role of proteins?
a. Structural support (e.g., collagen and keratin)
b. Forming specific proteins like venoms or lens proteins
c. Serving as a major long-term energy reserve
d. Acting as enzymes to catalyze reactions

A

Answer: c

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24
Q

What is true about essential and non-essential amino acids?
a. All amino acids are synthesized by the body.
b. Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet, while non-essential amino acids can be synthesized.
c. Non-essential amino acids are not used for protein synthesis.
d. Essential amino acids are only found in plants.

A

Answer: b

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25
Q

What makes carbohydrates and lipids chemically different from proteins?
a. Proteins contain nitrogen, while carbohydrates and lipids do not.
b. Carbohydrates and lipids contain oxygen, while proteins do not.
c. Lipids lack carbon, while proteins and carbohydrates contain it.
d. Proteins and lipids share identical energy roles, unlike carbohydrates.

A

Answer: a

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26
Q

What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?
a. Essential amino acids are stored in the body, while non-essential amino acids are not.
b. Essential amino acids must come from the diet, while non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
c. Essential amino acids are only needed in specific species.
d. Non-essential amino acids are required in larger quantities than essential amino acids.

A

Answer: b

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27
Q

What structural roles do proteins play in the body?
a. They form lipid membranes.
b. They act as enzymes exclusively.
c. They provide structure as collagen and keratin.
d. They primarily store genetic material.

A

Answer: c

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28
Q

Why can’t amino acids be stored in the body?
a. They are immediately converted into fats.
b. Proteins follow a “just in time” synthesis strategy where amino acids are used as needed.
c. Storing amino acids would disrupt carbohydrate metabolism.
d. Amino acids lack the nitrogen required for long-term storage.

A

Answer: b

29
Q

How can complementary foods help with amino acid deficiencies?
a. They increase fat storage for energy.
b. They combine to provide all essential amino acids.
c. They improve the body’s ability to synthesize non-essential amino acids.
d. They prevent protein breakdown.

A

Answer: b

30
Q

What is the “just in time” analogy used to describe?
a. The body’s ability to store amino acids for future protein synthesis.
b. How amino acids are used immediately for protein synthesis without being stored.
c. How essential amino acids are converted to non-essential amino acids.
d. How proteins are broken down for energy during starvation.

A

Answer: b

31
Q

Why do children require more essential amino acids than adults?
a. Adults can synthesize one additional amino acid that children cannot.
b. Children store fewer amino acids than adults.
c. Adults lose the ability to synthesize certain amino acids.
d. Children lack the enzymes required for protein synthesis.

A

Answer: a

32
Q

What element is critical for the synthesis of amino acids?
a. Oxygen
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d. Phosphorus

A

Answer: c

33
Q

What is the definition of lipids?
a. Organic molecules containing C, H, and N; typically hydrophilic.
b. Organic molecules containing C and H; typically non-polar and hydrophobic.
c. Organic molecules that store genetic information.
d. Molecules made only of saturated fatty acids.

A

Answer: b

34
Q

What is NOT a role of lipids?
a. Forming cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer).
b. Primary storage compound in animals.
c. Acting as steroid hormones.
d. Providing structural support for bones.

A

Answer: d

35
Q

Which of the following is a major category of lipids?
a. Nucleic acids
b. Phospholipids
c. Proteins
d. Polysaccharides

A

Answer: b

36
Q

What is the primary difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

a. Saturated fatty acids contain double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids do not.
b. Saturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are solid.
c. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.
d. Unsaturated fatty acids are only found in animal fats.

A

Answer: c

37
Q

Which is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
a. They are typically found in vegetable oils.
b. They are liquid at room temperature.
c. All bonds between carbons are single bonds.
d. They have kinks that prevent stacking.

A

Answer: c

38
Q

What is true about unsaturated fatty acids?
a. They are solid at room temperature.
b. They include polyunsaturated fatty acids with multiple double bonds.
c. They lack a carboxyl group.
d. They are only found in animal fats.

A

Answer: b

39
Q

Why can fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid cause membrane instability?
a. Their kinks prevent fatty acids from stacking neatly, allowing ions to leak through.
b. They lack double bonds, making membranes rigid.
c. Their linear structure creates tight packing in membranes.
d. They interact strongly with water molecules.

A

Answer: a

40
Q

What is a volatile fatty acid?
a. A fatty acid with more than 30 carbon atoms.
b. A fatty acid with only two carbon atoms that evaporates easily.
c. A saturated fatty acid with a linear structure.
d. A polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fats.

A

Answer: b

41
Q

What does the omega number in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids indicate?
a. The total number of double bonds in the fatty acid.
b. The position of the first double bond from the methyl end.
c. The length of the carbon chain.
d. The number of hydrogen atoms attached to the chain.

A

Answer: b

42
Q

What is the role of desaturases in fatty acid synthesis?
a. Breaking down saturated fats.
b. Adding double bonds to fatty acid chains.
c. Converting carbohydrates into fatty acids.
d. Storing fatty acids as triglycerides.

A

Answer: b

43
Q

Which of the following is a source of omega-3 fatty acids?
a. Seeds
b. Fish and phytoplankton
c. Butter
d. Vegetable oil

A

Answer: b

44
Q

Why are omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids considered essential?
a. They cannot be synthesized by animals due to the lack of necessary enzymes.
b. They are the primary source of energy for all cells.
c. They are only found in animal products.
d. They are directly stored as triglycerides in the liver.

A

Answer: a

45
Q

How do fish obtain omega-3 fatty acids?
a. By synthesizing them from sugars.
b. By consuming seeds.
c. Through food chain transfer from phytoplankton.
d. By converting omega-6 fatty acids.

A

Answer: c

46
Q

What is the composition of a triacylglycerol molecule?
a. Three glycerol molecules and one fatty acid chain.
b. Three fatty acid chains and one glycerol molecule.
c. Two fatty acid chains and one glucose molecule.
d. Three glucose molecules and one fatty acid chain.

A

Answer: b

47
Q

Where are triacylglycerols primarily stored in animals?
a. Bones and cartilage
b. Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
c. Brain and spinal cord
d. Stomach and intestines

A

Answer: b

48
Q

What is a significant use of stored lipids in animals?
a. Building cell walls.
b. Acting as a fuel source for migrating birds.
c. Facilitating the absorption of carbohydrates.
d. Synthesizing essential amino acids.

A

Answer: b

49
Q

What is a primary functional role of carbohydrates in animals?
a. Hormone synthesis
b. Structural support, such as in insect exoskeletons (chitin)
c. Storage of genetic material
d. Forming phospholipid bilayers in membranes

A

Answer: b

50
Q

What is the main storage form of carbohydrates in animals?
a. Starch
b. Glucose
c. Glycogen
d. Chitin

A

Answer: c

51
Q

Which of the following carbohydrates is a transport molecule?
a. Starch
b. Trehalose
c. Chitin
d. Glycogen

A

Answer: b

52
Q

Why are carbohydrates less efficient for energy storage compared to lipids?
a. Carbohydrates require more nitrogen for synthesis.
b. Carbohydrates are hydrated, making them heavier.
c. Carbohydrates lack carbon-hydrogen bonds.
d. Carbohydrates cannot be stored in the liver or muscles.

A

Answer: b

53
Q

Which of the following statements about carbohydrate synthesis is correct?
a. Animals can synthesize carbohydrates as needed, meaning they are not essential.
b. Carbohydrates must always be obtained through the diet.
c. Carbon chains for carbohydrates cannot come from dietary proteins.
d. Carbohydrate synthesis is identical to protein synthesis.

A

Answer: a

54
Q

What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?
a. Amino acids
b. Fatty acids
c. Monosaccharides
d. Nucleotides

A

Answer: c

55
Q

What is chitin classified as?
a. A disaccharide
b. A polysaccharide with more than 10 monosaccharides
c. A monosaccharide
d. A transport molecule

A

Answer: b

56
Q

Which molecules can be used to synthesize carbon chains for carbohydrates?
a. Dietary protein and glycerol from dietary lipids
b. Nucleic acids and fatty acids
c. Essential fatty acids and amino acids
d. Steroids and enzymes

A

Answer: a

57
Q

How do monosaccharides differ from polysaccharides?
a. Monosaccharides are smaller, simple sugars like glucose, while polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides.
b. Monosaccharides are used only for storage, while polysaccharides provide structural support.
c. Polysaccharides are soluble in water, while monosaccharides are not.
d. Polysaccharides consist of nucleotides, while monosaccharides consist of amino acids.

A

Answer: a

58
Q

What are vitamins?
a. Metallic elements required in large amounts for energy production.
b. Organic compounds required in small amounts that cannot be synthesized de novo.
c. Inorganic molecules required to build protein structures.
d. Lipid-based molecules stored in the liver.

A

Answer: b

59
Q

How are vitamins categorized?
a. By their molecular weight.
b. By their water content.
c. By their solubility (fat-soluble or water-soluble).
d. By their calorie content.

A

Answer: c

60
Q

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
a. B and C
b. A, D, E, and K
c. C and E
d. D, B, and K

A

Answer: b

61
Q

Why can fat-soluble vitamins become toxic?
a. They are excreted in urine, causing kidney damage.
b. They are stored in fat and accumulate in large amounts.
c. They cannot be absorbed by the body.
d. They are metabolized into harmful compounds.

A

Answer: b

62
Q

What is an example of a vitamin deficiency disease?
a. Osteoporosis caused by a lack of calcium.
b. Scurvy caused by a lack of vitamin C.
c. Hypertension caused by a lack of sodium.
d. Anemia caused by a lack of potassium.

A

Answer: b

63
Q

What are minerals?
a. Organic molecules required in small amounts.
b. Metallic elements found in protein structures.
c. Lipids that are synthesized in the liver.
d. Polysaccharides used for energy storage.

A

Answer: b

64
Q

Where must mammals obtain most minerals from?
a. Their own metabolic processes.
b. Their diet and gastrointestinal absorption.
c. Photosynthesis.
d. Stored lipids in the liver.

A

Answer: b

65
Q

Which of the following is a trace mineral?
a. Potassium
b. Sulfur
c. Zinc
d. Sodium

A

Answer: c

66
Q

What is a function of calcium in mammals?
a. Regulating blood sugar levels.
b. Strengthening bones and aiding in clotting.
c. Synthesizing essential amino acids.
d. Breaking down fatty acids for energy.

A

Answer: b

67
Q

What can result from a potassium deficiency?
a. Osteoporosis
b. Muscle weakness and abnormal heartbeat
c. High blood pressure
d. Vitamin toxicity

A

Answer: b

68
Q

Why do zebras migrate within the Serengeti ecosystem?
a. To avoid predators.
b. To find more diverse food sources.
c. To access calcium-rich plants for lactating mothers.
d. To follow other animal herds.

A

Answer: c

69
Q

What drives migration in animals concerning minerals?
a. A need for protein-rich diets.
b. Seasonal availability of essential minerals in plants.
c. Changes in lipid content of food sources.
d. Lack of water-soluble vitamins in their diets.

A

Answer: b

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