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Animal Physiology I > Lecture 5: Circulation > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of arteries?
A) Carry blood to the heart
B) Carry blood away from the heart
C) Exchange gases with tissues
D) Collect blood from capillaries

A

B)

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2
Q

Which type of blood vessel typically carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
A) Arteries
B) Veins
C) Arterioles
D) Capillaries

A

B) Veins

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3
Q

What is the role of venules in the circulatory system?
A) Carry blood away from the heart
B) Collect blood from capillaries and carry it to the heart
C) Exchange nutrients with tissues
D) Regulate blood pressure

A

B)

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4
Q

What type of blood do pulmonary arteries carry?
A) Oxygenated blood
B) Deoxygenated blood
C) Mixed blood
D) Nutrient-rich blood

A

B)

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5
Q

Which layer of a blood vessel provides structural support through collagen fibers?

A) Tunica Intima
B) Tunica Media
C) Tunica Externa
D) Endothelium

A

C) Tunica Externa

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6
Q

Which of the following best describes the tunica media?

A) It is the outermost layer of a blood vessel.
B) It contains smooth muscle cells that control vasoconstriction and dilation.
C) It lines the blood vessel with endothelial cells.
D) It consists primarily of collagen fibers

A

B) contains smooth muscle cells that control vasoconstriction and dilation

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7
Q

What type of cells make up the tunica intima?

A) Collagen cells
B) Smooth muscle cells
C) Endothelial cells
D) Fibroblasts

A

c) endothelial cells

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8
Q

The endothelium is part of which layer of a blood vessel?

A) Tunica Externa
B) Tunica Media
C) Tunica Intima
D) It is a separate layer

A

c) Tunica Intima

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9
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel is responsible for regulating blood flow by constricting or dilating?

A) Tunica Externa
B) Tunica Media
C) Tunica Intima
D) Endothelium

A

b) Tunica Media

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10
Q

Which type of artery is directly connected to the heart and designed to handle high-pressure blood flow?

A) Muscular artery
B) Elastic artery
C) Arteriole
D) Capillary

A

b) elastic artery

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11
Q

What happens to the tunica externa in arterioles?
A) It becomes thicker
B) It reduces in size and abscent
C) It remains the same as in muscular arteries
D) It merges with the tunica media

A

b)

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12
Q

Which of the following arteries is an example of an elastic artery?

A) Renal artery
B) Femoral artery
C) Aorta
D) Pulmonary artery

A

c)

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13
Q

Which arteries have more smooth muscle and regulate blood flow to different organs?

A) Elastic arteries
B) Muscular arteries
C) Arterioles
D) Capillaries

A

b) muscular arteries

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14
Q

How many layers are present in an arteriole, and what are they?

A) One: Endothelium
B) Two: Tunica media and endothelium
C) Three: Tunica externa, tunica media, and endothelium
D) Two: Tunica externa and endothelium

A

d) 2 - tunica externa and endothelium

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15
Q

What is a key difference between the tunica media in veins and arteries?

A) The tunica media is thicker in veins
B) The tunica media is thinner in veins
C) Veins have no tunica media
D) The tunica media in veins is made of smooth muscle only

A

b)

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16
Q

Why do veins contain one-way valves?

A) To regulate blood pressure
B) To prevent backflow of blood
C) To aid in vasoconstriction
D) To increase blood flow

A

b) to prevent back flow of blood

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17
Q

What is absent in venules?

A) Endothelial layer
B) One-way valves
C) Tunica externa
D) Muscular layer

A

d) muscular layer

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18
Q

Which of the following is true about blood pressure in veins?

A) It is higher than in arteries
B) It is the same as in arteries
C) It is lower than in arteries
D) It fluctuates rapidly

A

c) Lower than in arteries

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19
Q

Which type of capillary allows the least amount of leakage?

A) Fenestrated
B) Sinusoidal
C) Continuous
D) Arterioles

A

c) continuous

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20
Q

Where are continuous capillaries commonly found?

A) Kidneys
B) Liver
C) Muscles and skin
D) Bone marrow

A

c) Muscles and skin

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21
Q

In which organs would you find sinusoidal capillaries?

A) Kidneys and intestines
B) Muscles and brain
C) Liver and bone marrow
D) Skin and muscles

A

c) Liver and bone marrow

22
Q

Which type of capillary is specifically designed to allow large molecules and even cells to cross its wall?

A) Continuous capillaries
B) Fenestrated capillaries
C) Sinusoidal capillaries
D) Arterioles

A

c)

23
Q

What is true about the structure of capillaries in general?

A) They have a thick tunica externa
B) They have a muscular tunica media
C) They are made of a single layer of endothelial cells held by tight junctions
D) They have a thick collagen layer for support

A

c)

24
Q

Which of the following best explains why capillaries, unlike veins and arteries, have no tunica media or tunica externa?

A) Capillaries need to be more flexible than veins and arteries to withstand high pressure.
B) Capillaries rely on diffusion rather than pressure or muscle contraction to exchange nutrients and gases with tissues.
C) The absence of these layers allows capillaries to maintain high pressure as blood flows through them.
D) Capillaries need the structural integrity of their endothelial layer alone to support rapid blood flow.

A

b)

25
Q

Why do arteries have a significantly thicker tunica media compared to veins, and how does this relate to their function?

A) Arteries need to accommodate more blood flow, so a thick tunica media provides extra space for blood storage.
B) The thick tunica media in arteries helps regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction and dilation, which veins do not need due to their low pressure.
C) Arteries experience lower pressure than veins, so they need a thicker tunica media to help blood return to the heart.
D) The tunica media in arteries is thick because it is responsible for absorbing oxygen from the blood to supply tissues.

A

b)

26
Q

Capillaries are designed for gas and nutrient exchange, while arteries and veins are designed for bulk transport. Which structural differences between these vessel types best support their respective functions?

A) Capillaries have no smooth muscle and thin walls, allowing for rapid diffusion, while arteries and veins have thick muscular layers to control blood pressure and flow.
B) Capillaries have valves to regulate flow, while arteries and veins rely on the tunica media for controlled diffusion.
C) Capillaries are thick and impermeable to control flow, while arteries and veins have porous walls to allow easy movement of nutrients.
D) Capillaries rely on external muscle contraction to control flow, while arteries and veins use their own thick endothelial layers for diffusion.

A

A)

27
Q

How does the presence of valves in veins, but not in arteries or capillaries, reflect the differences in pressure and blood flow dynamics between these vessels?

A) Valves in veins are necessary because blood pressure is higher in veins than in arteries, helping prevent blood from flowing backward.
B) Veins have valves because they experience high-speed blood flow that needs to be slowed before returning to the heart.
C) Veins have low pressure and rely on valves to prevent backflow of blood, while arteries have high pressure that forces blood to flow in one direction, and capillaries rely on diffusion.
D) The valves in veins are necessary to increase blood flow speed, while arteries and capillaries don’t require this since their blood flow is regulated by muscle layers.

A

c)

28
Q

Given that capillaries are the primary site of nutrient and gas exchange, why don’t arteries or veins perform this function even though they also carry blood?

A) Arteries and veins have too much pressure for efficient gas exchange to occur, whereas capillaries reduce blood flow for proper diffusion.
B) Arteries and veins have walls that are too thick and impermeable to allow for the diffusion of gases and nutrients, which capillaries’ thin walls facilitate.
C) The structure of arteries and veins does not allow for direct contact between blood and tissue cells, whereas capillaries are thin enough for direct contact.
D) The presence of smooth muscle in arteries and veins blocks the diffusion process, while capillaries lack muscle, enabling diffusion.

A

b)

29
Q

If the radius of a blood vessel is reduced by half, by how much does the resistance to blood flow increase?

A) 2 times
B) 4 times
C) 8 times
D) 16 times

A

d) 16 times

30
Q

Given that resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius, which of the following scenarios would most dramatically increase blood flow resistance?

A) Decreasing vessel radius by 50%
B) Doubling vessel length
C) Decreasing viscosity of blood
D) Doubling vessel radius

A

a)

31
Q

Which factor would increase the difficulty of pumping blood through a vessel the most, according to the relationship between resistance and vessel radius?

A) Doubling the length of the vessel
B) Halving the vessel’s radius
C) Doubling the blood viscosity
D) Decreasing the pressure gradient along the vessel

A

b)

32
Q

Which of the following explains why the total cross-sectional area (CSA) increases as blood moves from the aorta to the capillaries?

A) The radius of individual capillaries is much larger than the radius of the aorta.
B) There are many more small vessels in capillary beds compared to the aorta, increasing the total CSA despite their small radius.
C) Capillaries have a lower total CSA than arteries because they are smaller in size.
D) The blood flow increases dramatically in the capillaries, leading to an increase in CSA

A

b)

33
Q

Why does blood flow slow down as it reaches the capillaries?

A) The pressure in the capillaries is significantly higher, causing the flow to decelerate.
B) The small radius of individual capillaries and the increased vascular resistance dramatically reduce blood velocity.
C) The total cross-sectional area of capillaries is lower, leading to a reduced flow.
D) The length of capillaries is so long that it slows down the flow rate.

A

b)

34
Q

How does the large total CSA of capillary beds contribute to efficient gas exchange?

A) It creates lower pressure, allowing oxygen to move through the blood faster.
B) The large CSA decreases blood velocity, allowing more time for gas diffusion across the capillary walls.
C) The large CSA prevents resistance from rising, ensuring that blood moves rapidly through capillaries for quick gas exchange.
D) The large CSA makes the capillaries thick, enhancing diffusion of gases.

A

b)

35
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the changes in blood velocity as it moves through different types of blood vessels?

A) Blood velocity is highest in the capillaries due to their small radius and high resistance.
B) Blood velocity decreases in the arterioles and capillaries but speeds up again in venules and veins due to reduced resistance.
C) Blood velocity remains constant throughout the vascular system regardless of vessel size or resistance.
D) Blood velocity is slowest in arteries and gradually increases through arterioles, capillaries, and veins.

A

b)

36
Q

Why does blood flow speed up again after leaving the capillaries and entering venules?

A) The number of venules is higher than the number of capillaries, creating less resistance.
B) Venules have a smaller cross-sectional area and lower resistance compared to capillaries, allowing blood to flow more quickly.
C) Blood is pumped faster through venules by the heart.
D) Venules are much longer than capillaries, giving blood more time to increase velocity

A

b)

37
Q

Which of the following factors primarily causes the large drop in blood velocity within capillary beds?

A) Increased viscosity of blood in the capillaries
B) The sharp increase in total cross-sectional area as blood moves into many tiny vessels
C) The short length of capillaries, which reduces flow
D) The reduced number of vessels in capillary beds compared to arteries

A

b)

38
Q

What role do skeletal muscles play in venous return?
A) They increase blood pressure in the veins.
B) They compress veins to force blood upward toward the heart.
C) They decrease blood flow to the heart.
D) They create pressure in the chest cavity.

A

b)

39
Q

How do valves in veins contribute to unidirectional blood flow?
A) They contract to push blood through the veins.
B) They prevent blood from flowing backward.
C) They increase blood pressure.
D) They enhance gas exchange in the blood.

A

b)

40
Q

What effect does inhalation have on venous return?
A) It decreases blood flow to the heart.
B) It increases pressure in the thoracic cavity.
C) It creates a pressure gradient that helps draw blood toward the heart.
D) It stops blood flow in the veins.

A

c)

41
Q

Which two pumps help in moving blood back to the heart?
A) Skeletal muscle pump and Valves in veins
B) Skeletal muscle and contractile chamber
C) Pulmonary pump and respiratory pump
D) Arterial pump and venous pump

A

a)

42
Q

Why is blood pressure higher in the ankles than in the heart when a person is standing?

A) The heart pumps blood more effectively when standing.
B) The gravitational effects create a fluid column, increasing pressure in the lower body.
C) There are more blood vessels in the ankles than in the heart.
D) Blood flows faster in the lower extremities due to muscle contractions.

A

b)

43
Q

What is a key adaptation that allows giraffes to pump blood up to their heads effectively?
A) A small heart size
B) Low blood pressure
C) A large heart for their body size
D) Increased blood vessel diameter

A

c) large heart for their body size

44
Q

How does heart rate relate to size in mammals?

A) Smaller animals generally have a slower heart rate.
B) Larger animals have a faster heart rate.
C) Smaller animals generally have a faster heart rate.
D) There is no correlation between size and heart rate.

A

c)

45
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure in the context of capillaries?
A) The pressure that pushes fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries.
B) The pressure that pushes fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
C) The pressure created by the heart’s contraction.
D) The pressure exerted by proteins in the blood.

A

b)

46
Q

What role does osmotic pressure play in capillary fluid dynamics?
A) It pushes fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space.
B) It prevents fluid from leaving the capillaries.
C) It pulls water from the interstitial space into the capillaries.
D) It has no significant impact on fluid movement.

A

c)

47
Q

What is one issue that giraffes face due to high hydrostatic pressure in their legs and feet?
A) Increased nutrient absorption
B) Fluid leaking out into their feet
C) Decreased blood flow to the heart
D) Reduced oxygen delivery to the brain

A

b) fluid leaking into feet (Edema)

48
Q

How does tight skin help giraffes manage fluid leakage?
A) It increases blood flow to the legs.
B) It decreases blood pressure in the legs.
C) It prevents edema in the ankles by restricting fluid movement.
D) It enhances nutrient delivery to tissues.
E) Muscualr arteries control blood flow

A

e)

49
Q

What is the function of the network of elastic vessels around a giraffe’s brain?
A) To increase blood pressure in the brain.
B) To absorb pressure changes and prevent fluid leakage into the brain.
C) To reduce oxygen delivery to brain tissues.
D) To help with nutrient absorption in the brain.

A

B)

50
Q

What is one other solution discussed in lecture that allows the giraffe to drink water with its head bent down?
a) muscular arteries that direct blood flow
b) presence of one way valves in jugular vein
c) it spreads its legs which stabilizes blood pressure
d) Network of elastic vessels
e) Jugular veins w/ one way valves and elastic vessel network

A

e)

Animal Physiology I (8 decks)

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